<p>The Malvern Rosenwald School is a historic school building at 836 Acme Street  in Malvern, Arkansas. It is a T-shaped single-story brick building, with a gable roof over its original main section. A gable-roofed entry is centered on the eastern facade. Additions extend the original block to the left of the entrance, the last one with a flat roof. The school was built in 1929 with funding assistance from the Rosenwald Fund, but did not follow a standard Rosenwald plan. It first served African-American students in grades 1-9, but was gradually expanded to include high school students. The high school students were reassigned to a new school in 1952, after which it became the Tuggle Elementary School. Both schools were closed around the time that Malvern&#39;s schools were integrated, in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Dumanquilas Bay  is an arm of the Moro Gulf on the southern side of the Zamboanga Peninsula in western Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is shared between the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur on the eastern and northern shore, and Zamboanga Sibugay on the western shore. An irregularly shaped peninsula extending to Flecha Point separates it from Pagadian Bay to the east, while to the west, the bay connects with Sibuguey Bay through Canalizo Strait which separates Olutanga island from the mainland of Zamboanga. Politically, it is divided between the Zamboanga del Sur municipalities of Margosatubig, Vincenzo Sagun, Lapuyan and Kumalarang, and the Zamboangay Sibugay municipalities of Buug, Malangas and Alicia.</p><br>
<p>The bay is the location of the Malangas Wharf, the shipping point for the Malangas Coal Reservation. It is known for its extensive mangrove shorelines and rich coral and fish diversity.</p><br>
<p>It has been declared a marine protected area known as the Dumanquilas Bay Protected Landscape and Seascape in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Dumanquilas Bay covers an area of about 26,000 hectare with depths of between 12 and. It is about 18 km wide at its entrance between Lapat Point, the easternmost point of Olutanga Island, and Dumanquilas Point in Vincenzo Sagun, and extends some 23 km inland.</p><br>
<p>The bay contains several small islands, the largest of which is Igat Island located on its eastern side in Margosatubig municipality which forms the western border of a small inlet called Igat Bay. Near the entrance to the bay, three small islands collectively known as Cherif Islands rise to a height of between 100 and above sea level and divides the channel into two passages. At the head of the bay in Kumalarang municipality are two small islands known as Fatima Islands. On the Zamboanga Sibugay side are Muda, Dacula and Paya islands. Other islands include Cabo, Putili, Dayana and Triton Island, on the eastern side in Vincenzo Sagun.</p><br>
<p>Dumanquilas Bay receives inflow from several rivers and streams including Lapuyan River, Kumalarang River and Muduing River. It faces threats from illegal fishing and mangrove depletion.</p><br>
<p>The Haji Bektash Veli complex  is an Alevi Cultural Monument of the Republic of Turkey, located in Hacıbektaş, Nevshehir province. It was built in the 13th century as a Teqe  of the Sufi saint Haji Bektash Veli. After his death, his mausoleum was built here. After the European reforms of the founding father of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the exodus of the Bektashi order to Albania in 1925, the complex was closed declared as museum in 1964. The khanqa of the complex is thought to be the very first "King type" khanqa in Turkey.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays it is still visited by hundreds of thousands of Alevis, Bektashis and even Sunnis Muslims from Turkey, Albania and the Turkish diaspora in Europe and the Americas alike. Large festivals are held here every August. Since 2012, the Haji Bektash Veli complex is on the World Heritage Sites Tentative list of the UNESCO.</p><br>
<p>Rideau Cottage is a historic residential building located on the grounds of Rideau Hall in Ottawa, Ontario. The two-level, 22-room Georgian Revival home is owned by the Canadian Crown and has traditionally been inhabited by persons associated with the Governor General of Canada, including the viceroy&#39;s private secretary. It is occupied by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his family as of 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the building, which was based on a design by architect F.P. Rubidge, began in 1866 and concluded in 1867. Though intended in the early days to serve as the residence of the governor general&#39;s secretary, the cottage was later designated for use by the government as an official guest house for visiting dignitaries.</p><br>
<p>On his arrival in Canada in 1883, incoming governor general the Marquess of Lansdowne resided at Rideau Cottage while waiting for Rideau Hall to be vacated by the outgoing Governor General, the Marquess of Lorne. Other residents included Lionel and Lilias Massey during Vincent Masseys time as governor general; Georges Vanier, as Aide-de-camp to Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy, and Barbara Uteck, private secretary to the governor general from 2000 to 2006, and her husband, Graham Fraser. Utecks successor, Stephen Wallace, resided in Rideau Cottage until the weekend of 24–25 October 2015, when he vacated the premises to allow then prime minister-designate Justin Trudeau and his family to live in the house while the traditional official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada, 24 Sussex Drive, was undergoing assessment for repairs and restoration.</p><br>
<p>Rideau Cottage was recognized as a Recognized Federal Heritage Building on 3 October 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Rideau Cottage is a two-level, 22-room Georgian Revival building. Originally, the structure had 14 rooms on a single floor. An 1872 remodel, using a different brick, added both the second level and a verandah on three sides of the ground floor. Between 1999 and 2000, the building underwent major renovations to the basement, roof and interior finishes, and the mechanical and electrical systems were upgraded. Outside, the stucco was removed and each brick and joint was individually dyed to give a uniform appearance. It was again renovated in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Rideau Cottage is characterized and distinguished by its symmetry, simple lines, classically inspired central entrance with pedimented porch, sash windows flanked by decorative shutters, and paired chimneys.</p><br>
<p>Austre Bokn is an island in Bokn municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 7.5 km&sup2; island lies on the northern side of the Boknafjorden between the islands of Ognøya and Vestre Bokn. It&#39;s connected to the other two islands and to the mainland by a series of bridges along the European route E39 highway. Both islands are separated from Austre Bokn by very small channels that are only about 250 to 350 m wide.</p><br>
<p>Most of the island is barren, rocky, and uninhabited. The 188 m tall Vardefjellet is the highest point on the island. The majority of the island&#39;s population is located along the western and southern shores. With less than 200 residents on the island, it is the second most populous island in the municipality (only 3 islands in Bokn are populated).</p><br>
<p>Lake Suesca is a natural water body situated on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, belonging to the municipalities of Suesca and Cucunubá in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. The basin has a semi-elliptical shape that extends on a north–south axis, with roughly 6 km length and 2 km width. The average depth is 8 m. It is located in the Eastern Ranges, on the anticlinal of Nemocón, in the northeast of the department, at an altitude of 2,800 m.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Geology and soils</h3><br>
<p>Geologically, the lake is of Pleistocene origin and is linked to the formation of the Eastern Ranges, which had a strong uprising activity during the Pliocene. Because of its location there is a wide distribution of sedimentary rocks, and the Guadalupe Group, Guaduas, Bogotá and Cacho formations are present in the area. The basin is crossed along its axis by the Suesca Fault, uplifting sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The soils of the basin are classified as alfisols, where erosion areas are classified as "bad soils". Generally these correspond to cold and dry climates, with corrugated relief and highly evolved soils, where the presence of erosion is common, and most horizons have enrichment with clay. These soils were formed during the Pliocene and Quaternary, containing deposits of volcanic ash from the Cordillera Central, which weathered into clays, currently present in the lower strata.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation and climate</h3><br>
<p>The original vegetation was composed of encenillo and "corono" forests, accompanied by more xerophytic Andean communities, which correspond to the Low montane dry forest (bs-MB) according to the Holdridge life zones. The actual land cover is dominated by exotic species, mostly Acacia decurrens, with few remnants of native vegetation in the north and south of the basin.</p><br>
<p>From a climatic point of view, the region has a bimodal rainfall regime, with an annual average of 647 mm, average temperatures of 14 °C, 70% relative humidity and evaporation of 1331 mm/year. The winds are a determinant factor for the vegetation and climate, as they are mainly influenced by Sabana de Bogotá, Magdalena River Valley and the Orinoco Plains, which converge in the area to generate specific characteristics from the point of view of moisture and the feasibility of rainfall.</p><br>
<p>The region is under the jurisdiction of the Corporación Autonoma Regional de Cundinamarca (CAR) (environmental authority) and its central axis (north–south) serves as the boundary between the municipalities of Cucunubá and Suesca.</p><br>
<h3>Muisca sacred lake</h3><br>
<p>As with various other lakes on the Altiplano, Tota, Siecha, Guatavita and Iguaque, the Muisca who were the original inhabitants of the area before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, performed religious rituals at Lake Suesca.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>The basin has suffered severe deforestation and erosion, which together have negatively affected the lake ecosystem, which added to the impact of climate change have led to a significant reduction of the water surface. Plans for sustainable development are made in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Since 1970, a soil remediation process with Acaia decurrens, Pinus patula and Eucalyptus globulus was started, but due to the lack of management, the problems related with water scarcity due to the reduction of runoff and water contained in the soil increased. Nowadays the entire basin is located within a forest reserve that has little management by the authorities.</p><br>
<p>By oral tradition, it is known that the lake had a great variety of species, such as "Guapucha" (Grundulus bogotensis) and "Capitan de la Sabana" (Eremophilus mutisii), now locally extinct due to the desiccation of the water body and the introduction of carp and trout, which also disappeared by the same effect of El Niño in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The lake is an important stop-over for many migratory birds, but few counting exercises have been made in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>"La Laguna" train station on the Bogotá Savannah Railway</p><br>
<p>Monoliths of Suesca, protruding rock formations located at the south of the basin</p><br>
<p>Bababuy Hill, at the north of the basin</p><br>
<p>The Thomas A. Hill House, also formerly known as the Grand Army Memorial Home, is a historic house at 159 Union Street in Bangor, Maine. Now housing the collections of the Bangor Historical Society and an American Civil War collection, the house was built in 1836 to a design by Richard Upjohn. The house has been home to two of Bangor&#39;s mayors, and became a museum in 1944. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hill House is located just southwest of downtown Bangor, at the northwest corner of Union and High Streets. Standing across Union Street is the Isaac Farrar Mansion, like the Hill House a brick Greek Revival house designed by Richard Upjohn. The Hill House is a 2-1/2 story structure, with a side gable roof, four end chimneys, and a granite foundation. A single-story shed-roof porch extends across the two street-facing facades, supported by fluted Ionic columns on short granite bases. The second story is set in a monitor, with small square diamond-pane windows, and elaborate three-window dormers projecting from the roof below the monitor section. The interior&#39;s historic integrity has been partially compromised by the conversion of the property for use as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The house was commissioned from Richard Upjohn by Thomas A. Hill, a prominent local businessman, and was completed in 1836. Hill suffered financial reverses in the Panic of 1837, and was compelled to sell the property to Samuel and Matilda Dale. Dale, also a prominent businessman, served several terms as mayor of Bangor, entertaining President Ulysses S. Grant here in 1871. Other prominent residents include Bangor&#39;s first mayor, Allan Gilman, and Dr. James F. Cox, who held his medical practice here. The house was acquired in 1944 by the local chapter of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, who established it as the Grand Army of the Republic Home. In 1952 the Sons allowed the Bangor Historical Society to store its collection on the second floor, resulting in alterations that included removal of a circular staircase and changes in the decor. The historical society took ownership of the property in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Crystal Spring Farm is a historic farm property at 277 Pleasant Hill Road in Brunswick, Maine. The 160 acre property has an agricultural history dating to the early 19th century, although most of its buildings are now of mid-20th century origin. The property is now owned by the Brunswick-Topsham Land Trust, and is operated as a community farm. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Crystal Spring Farm is located in a rural area of southwestern Brunswick, its building complex set southeast of the junction of Pleasant Hill and Woodside Roads. The associated farmland consists of two large parcels south of Pleasant Hill Road and on either side of Woodside. The land is predominantly open fields, with some woodlots. The farm complex includes ten buildings, organized roughly in a U shape, with the main house at the eastern end. The house is a 19th-century agglomeration of several residential structures that have been stitched together. To its northwest stands an early 20th-century slaughterhouse. The remaining buildings all date to a building program prompted by a fire in 1946 that destroyed the rest of the original complex. These buildings include concrete barns for housing dairy cattle and processing their milk, a Quonset hut for the storage of hay, equipment sheds and workshops, and a silo.</p><br>
<p>The area is first documented to have been farmed by the Woodside family, which worked land that included this farms property for about 120 years beginning in 1783. New owners converted it to principally dairy farming in the early 20th century, and in 1941 it was purchased by Maurice Dionne, whose brother Bert, a veterinarian, took over its operation. He greatly expanded its capacity and production, set back by the 1946 fire. It is possible that the Quonset structures now in use were surplus military materials from the nearby Brunswick Naval Air Station. Its business in decline, the Dionnes sold to the Oakhurst Dairy, a major regional dairy processor. In 1970 the farms activity was shifted to beef production. In 1997 the Brunswick-Topsham Land Trust purchased 160 acres (since expanded to more than 300), with the aim of preserving the farm as open space and a working agricultural area. It is now used for community-supported agriculture, and the property has walking trails open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The E. C. Gleason House is a historic house located at 209 East Avenue A in Jerome, Idaho. The house was built in 1918 for farmer E. C. Gleason. Prominent Jerome stone mason H. T. Pugh built the house out of lava rock in the bungalow style. The house was both Pugh&#39;s first work within the city of Jerome and his first bungalow; the quality of his work popularized both bungalows and lava rock as a building material in Jerome. The exterior of the house is formed by randomly yet carefully arranged stones joined by dark mortar; its design includes a full porch, wide eaves with diagonal brackets, and dormers with shed roofs on the front and back.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of New South Wales is a heritage-listed former bank at 242 Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1890 to 1891 by T. Kelly. It is also known as Widgee Shire Council Chambers, Coolooa Shire Council Chambers and Gympie Regional Council Chambers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building located in upper Mary Street, Gympie was designed by Richard Gailey and built in 1890-91. This two storey neo-classical building was purpose-built as the Gympie branch of the Bank of New South Wales, which had been operating at the Gympie goldfield since March 1868. It comprised ground floor banking facilities, upper floor manager&#39;s residence and a basement.</p><br>
<p>Gympie (initially known as Nashville) was established after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield turned Queensland into a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged. In a year the alluvial gold had been exhausted and shallow reef mining commenced.</p><br>
<p>As Gympie evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, the early makeshift structures of the 1860s gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings from the mid 1870s. With the change to deep reef mining from 1875, came the need for extensive capital investment through the formation of companies using foreign as well as local capital. During 1881, mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie as an intensive phase of underground reef mining began, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees. The influx of money and the resultant yield of gold was reflected in the redevelopment of upper Mary Street during the 1880s and 1890s with substantial commercial buildings such as banks, company secretaries and brokers offices. One of these was the Bank of New South Bank building, which opened in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of New South Wales (BNSW) was the first bank established in Australia (February 1817) but it was restricted to trading in Sydney until 1850. After restructure in that year it opened its first branch outside Sydney, in Brisbane, on 14 November 1850. It expanded rapidly thereafter with the rush of gold discoveries in New South Wales and Victoria. The bank set up agencies and gold-buying agents at every new diggings in order to spread its network and consolidate its position. Bank officers were urged on by their superiors to be the first to a new location to set up a gold-buying agency. By 1861 the BNSW had grown from a single Sydney office in 1850 to a network of 37 branches in Australia and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, with the discovery of gold at Gympie the Bank opened an agency on the goldfield on 21 March 1868, less than six months after the goldfield&#39;s establishment. In the same year the bank transferred to a building owned by Merry and Davis. An 1868 photograph of lower Mary Street, Gympie shows the Bank of New South Wales operating from a weatherboard-clad building with a shingle roof.</p><br>
<p>Over the ensuing years as it became increasingly clear that the Gympie goldfield was a long-term proposition, a series of steps towards permanency were taken by the bank reflecting this longevity. Firstly, in 1872 the BNSW agency converted to a branch with the increased banking services that entailed.</p><br>
<p>Secondly, in 1879 the bank purchased the 22 perch allotment on which the current building stands and occupied the timber and tin building on the site until selling it prior to the building of the current structure. Thirdly, the decision at the end of the 1880s to build a masonry building followed the growth of deep reef mining on the goldfield and the rise in Gympie&#39;s gold output throughout the decade.</p><br>
<p>The 1880s were a decade of rapid growth and development and rising land prices in Queensland. Mainly due to Queenslands three major gold mining centres - Gympie, Charters Towers and Mount Morgan - the value of gold output rose from £698,000 in 1883 to £2.75m in 1889, exceeding the value of exported wool. Gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queenslands export income during the 1880s and 1890s. These enormous amounts of gold were purchased by banks such as the BNSW, which played a vital role in this process of wealth creation and distribution.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, the bank was burned down along with a number of other buildings in a large fire.</p><br>
<p>In February 1890 Brisbane architect Richard Gailey advertised for tenders to build a brick building for the Bank of New South Wales in Gympie. On 24 March the old bank building on the site was sold and building of the new premises commenced.</p><br>
<p>Business commenced in the new premises on 31 March 1891, completed at a cost of £4000. The two storey building comprised rendered brick walls and an iron roof. At the rear was a two-stall stable with harness room. The second storey of the building comprised the manager&#39;s residence and an early photograph shows a verandah on the lower (eastern) side of the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s architect, Richard Gailey (1834-1924) was a Londonderry man who had settled in Brisbane in 1864. He established his own practice there in 1865, and over the next 60 years built up a thriving business; working until his death in 1924. He designed Baptist churches including the Baptist City Tabernacle in Brisbane, the former Baptist Church in Ipswich; commercial buildings such as banks including the Westpac Bank Building in Normanton; and many hotels including the Jubilee Hotel, Orient Hotel, Regatta Hotel and Wickham Hotel (all in Brisbane). Many commercial buildings in Brisbane designed by Gailey during the 1880s were characterised by classical idioms and details.</p><br>
<p>Substantial changes in the Queensland mining sector occurred after 1900. A treatment process for mine tailings that used cyanide had provided Gympie a record yield in 1899. Gold production in Queensland peaked in 1903, due largely to a final burst of production at Gympie, which was followed by a 60% decrease in production between 1903 and 1913 as the three major Queensland goldfields (Charters Towers, Gympie and Mount Morgan) declined simultaneously. The Gympie field passed through its most profitable period from 1901 to 1906 and in 1903 recorded an output of 146,000 fine ounces (surpassing Mount Morgan that year). After 1906 the decline that had set in at Gympie in 1904 accelerated, finally resulting in the closure of the last mine.</p><br>
<p>In conjunction with this downturn Gympie evolved into a service town for the region&#39;s growing dairy and agricultural industries. Over time the commercial centre of the town moved eastward down Mary Street in response to the commercial activity centring upon the railway station. The BNSW continued to operate from its location in upper Mary Street until June 1940 when the Bank purchased a block of land closer to the commercial centre of the town at the corner of Mary and Smithfield Streets and new premises were erected. The BNSW building at 242 Mary Street was sold to the Widgee Shire Council in the same year.</p><br>
<p>Alterations to the former BNSW building were made on several occasions. In 1902 "steel" ceilings were fitted in the BNSW building by Messrs Crane and son. In 1938 the BNSW made alterations and additions to the bank premises and installed a septic system. After purchase by the Widgee Shire Council in 1940 the building was used as shire chambers and office space after some changes were made for this purpose by architects Addison and McDonald who called tenders in June 1940. In February 1981, extension and alterations to the south-east of the building to provide offices facing Mary Street took place.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the Shire of Widgee was amalgamated with the City of Gympie to create the Shire of Cooloola. The building continued to be used as the Cooloola Shire Council Chambers. In 2008, the Shires of Cooloola and Kilkivan and part of the Shire of Tiaro were amalgamated into the Gympie Region. The building continues to be used as the Gympie Regional Council Chambers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A compact but grand, three storey, rendered brick building in a classical idiom, the former Bank of New South Wales stands prominently to upper Mary Street, Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Built on a sloping site with frontages to Mary and Reef streets, the three bay main elevation to Mary Street is defined by the corner banded pilasters and articulated by two implied orders of pilasters, Corinthian to the upper level and Doric within a rusticated treatment to the ground level. Projecting cornices and continuous window sills to each level together with a balustraded parapet and a blind balustrade below the upper level windows give horizontal unity. Projecting banded pilasters frame the central bay which accommodates a rusticated portal entrance below a serlian inspired window. The upper level outer bays accommodate pedimented full pane sash windows framed by plain projecting architraves with base ears. The street level accommodates two full pane sash windows to the south bay and a sash window and six panel timber door with large fanlight to the north.</p><br>
<p>The Reef Street elevation consists of the west wing, each level of which is punctuated by a central full pane sash window, and the enclosed extension beyond the upper level verandah. The northwest and southeast elevations are partly obscured by adjacent buildings. The northwest elevation of the west wing is notable for the decorative metal awning to the upper sash window. The southeast elevation is divided into four bays by plain pilasters, is crowned by a blind parapet concealing the hipped roof beyond and is punctuated by full pane sash windows to each level. The entablature and cornice of the upper level of the front elevation continues around in the southeast elevation. A lower curved parapet screens the rear upper level verandah roof and the elevation houses a narrow rectangular louvred window. There is evidence of the removal of French windows and replacement with the sash windows to the upper level of the southeast elevation. The earlier verandah has been replaced by a suspended awning.</p><br>
<p>The building is sheltered by hipped roofs clad with corrugated metal sheeting and three rendered masonry chimneys project through the roof.</p><br>
<p>Square in plan with a projecting west wing, the building is organised over three levels. The former banking chamber is accommodated at the Mary Street level, the bank vaults and storage are housed in the basement and the former bank manager&#39;s residence occupies the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor retains the major spaces of the former bank including the main banking chamber, managers office and strong room and accountant/clerks office and the entrance to the residence above. The banking chamber is accessed from the central main entrance off Mary Street and is notable for its decorative pressed metal ceiling. The managers office, opening off the chamber to the northwest, has a pressed metal ceiling, granite surround fireplace and a substantial strong room to the southwest. The strong room, a painted brick rectangular space with a barrel vaulted ceiling, has a heavy metal door with the makers plate "Milners 212 Patent Thief-Resisting". The strong room houses a small safe with the makers plate "John Tanns Reliance Safe". The accountant/clerks office, a large rectangular room to the southwest of the banking chamber is notable for its decorative plaster ceiling in an art deco style. The interior walls of the former banking floor spaces, except the strong room, are plaster finished and are distinguished by timber veneer wall panelling. The office in the west wing retains its fireplace cavity now housing a cupboard.</p><br>
<p>The basement, level with Reef Street, has a concrete floor and concrete and brick walls and accommodates a number of vaults and storage rooms below the banking floor. In some spaces the timber frame of the floor above is unlined. The rear office has a painted off form concrete finish to the walls and fireplace and the ceiling is lined with fibre cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>A handsome cedar staircase with finely turned balustrades and carved newel posts rises from the corridor extending from the northern entrance off Mary Street. The upper level is organised around a central corridor incorporating a hall at the top of the stairs with two rooms to the Mary Street side and two to Reef Street. French windows to the rooms on the Reef Street side open onto a verandah, now enclosed with weatherboard cladding and casement windows, running along the Reef Street side. All interior walls are plastered and this level is notable for decorative pressed metal ceilings to rooms, hall, corridor and staircase soffits and the retention of much original cedar joinery including skirtings, architraves, doors and windows. The front rooms have back to back fireplaces with marble surrounds. Decorative arches with prominent keystones at the top of the stairs and part way along the corridor define the hall. Accessed from the rear verandah, the single room west wing is lit by full pane sash windows on three sides and has a recent plain plaster ceiling.</p><br>
<p>A concrete parking area runs to the rear of the building accessed from Reef Street.</p><br>
<p>Recent partitioning and extensions to the southwest of the building at all levels and a new wing to the southeast are not considered to be of heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Bank of New South Wales building and the important gold-era precinct of which it is a part are physical evidence of the evolution of Gympie gold mining, a major contributor to the wealth of Queensland for approximately 60 years from 1867. As Gympie gold production continued and evolved from alluvial to shallow reef mining to deep reef mining from 1875, this change was reflected in the erection of more permanent and elaborate buildings in the town centre.</p><br>
<p>The bank building, erected during the third stage of Gympie mining, symbolised the wealth and permanence of the town. For almost fifty years the building served as a Bank of New South Wales branch and manager&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>Its siting near Commissioners Hill in the vicinity of important government and gold-related buildings, and its later sale when the centre of the town moved eastwards after gold production ceased also illustrate the evolution of Gympies development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former bank building, designed by Richard Gailey, is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a regional bank of its era. This two-storey masonry structure in the classical style retains its banking chamber, offices, strong room, vaults and manager&#39;s residence. Its siting with other important gold-related buildings, high above the gold diggings, illustrates the significance of banks in the gold mining town of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Its intactness is demonstrated in its planning, room volumes, joinery, strong room and pressed metal ceilings. The former manager&#39;s residence, including its ground floor entry, retains its floor plan, decorative plaster cornices, windows, doors and joinery.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former bank building has aesthetic significance for its architectural qualities expressed in the craftsmanship and detailing of the joinery and finishes, and for its streetscape value through its form, scale and design. These qualities complement other surviving 19th century buildings in the street, particularly other banks also entered in the Queensland Heritage Register including the nearby former Australian Joint Stock Bank (later the Gympie Stock Exchange).</p><br>
<p>Its balanced classical design, often associated with banks, projects the concept of stability that financial institutions of this era sought to convey through their buildings&#39; architecture.</p><br>
<p>Gympie Ambulance Station is a heritage-listed ambulance station at 17 Crown Road, Gympie, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1904. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 September 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gympie (initially called Nashville) was established after the discovery of gold in October 1867 by James Nash in the Upper Mary River district. The new gold field put Queensland on the map as a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. By Christmas of 1867, according to the Gold Commissioner, the Gympie field had a population of 4,000 (or over 15,000 according to James Nash). Although the alluvial deposits were quickly exhausted, from 1868 shallow reef mining occurred.</p><br>
<p>As it evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, Gympie developed a distinctive character with an irregular street pattern amid a series of valleys and ridges. Development of roads within the town followed the terrain rather than adopting the standard grid pattern that was applied to townships surveyed for settlement, and consequently many roads run along ridgelines with linking roads across valleys and hillsides. Existing buildings and mining homestead leases were accommodated in the first survey of the township in April 1868. The early makeshift structures of Gympie gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 1870s, an intensive phase of underground reef mining was underway, facilitated by the injection of share-holding capital into mining companies for machinery and employees. During the early 1880s mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie. The Gympie goldfield passed through its most profitable period from 1901 to 1906 and in 1903 produced its peak annual output. After 1906 production declined and by 1925 the last of the big mines had ceased operations, ending a 50-year phase of deep reef mining in Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Community based ambulance services first appeared in Queensland from the 1890s. In 1892, concerns regarding the lack of adequate medical aid for accident victims led to the establishment of the City Ambulance Transport Brigade in Brisbane, the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade (QATB) from 1902. The objective of the brigade was to provide first aid and to transport sick and injured people to hospital. During the early 1900s, ambulance brigades were established in regional centres throughout Queensland - Charters Towers and Townsville (1900), Rockhampton, Warwick and Ipswich (1901), Ravenswood, Gympie and Toowoomba (1902), Mackay (1903), Cairns (1904) and Bundaberg (1907). While some were affiliated with the QATB, others were established independently. The goldfields of Charters Towers, Ravenswood and Gympie, with large working populations of miners, were among the first to establish ambulance services in the state.</p><br>
<p>The earliest provision of ambulance services began in Gympie in 1890, with the establishment of the Wide Bay Gympie Ambulance Corps, a volunteer arm of the Wide Bay and Burnett Division of the Queensland Defence Force. In addition to their military based activities, the corps also provided a civic service. In 1898, the corps was disbanded. Subsequent efforts by former members to establish an ambulance service, including an attempt to have Gympie&#39;s miners subscribe were unsuccessful until a public meeting in September 1902 resolved to "form a local Ambulance Brigade Hospital". A Gympie Ambulance Transport Brigade Committee (GATBC) and subscription list were established by the end of proceedings. By the end of September, Superintendent Fred Roffe had attended to his first case (a fractured forearm).</p><br>
<p>Initially the ambulance service was conducted from a room in the Atlantic Hotel in Mary Street. Later, the service moved its plant of one first aid kit and a stretcher to a room at the Gympie Fire Station in Bligh St. Prior to the brigade establishing their own premises, the personnel grew to include 16 honorary bearers while the plant increased to four stretchers.</p><br>
<p>In April 1903, the provisions of the Hospitals Act were extended to include the Gympie Brigade, meaning that community subscriptions were matched by government funding. By early 1904, the Gympie Ambulance Transport Brigade (GATB) had acquired unoccupied land on Crown Road to build an ambulance station and superintendents quarters. In March, the tender of Messrs Stuart and Poynton to erect a station for £133 was accepted. The architect is unknown. The station was officially opened on May 18, 1904, with Gympie Mayor Gilbert Garrick raising the Red Cross flag and handing out St Johns Ambulance Association training certificates to brigade members.</p><br>
<p>The new station building was a simple rectangular gable ended timber structure with an office, lecture room and plant room (used to store stretchers and equipment) facing the entrance off Crown Road. The superintendents residence was located next to the station. Many early ambulance buildings in Queensland followed the station layout first established at the 1897 Wharf Street headquarters of the QATB; a two-storey building incorporating ambulance service facilities at ground level and living quarters at the upper level, and large ground floor openings with bi-fold doors to allow ready access directly to the street for quick exit. While the Gympie building included the ground-floor provisions of a large front entrance, plant and other rooms for staff facilities, its single storey timber construction and detached superintendents residence differed from other early stations. Early stations in Warwick and Ipswich also shared these characteristics.</p><br>
<p>The stations location was an important consideration for the Brigade when first established. The building now sits in a quiet suburban area, but when built was in close proximity to some of Gympies largest mine headworks, and was conveniently positioned between the CBD and the One Mile and Monkland mining areas. In 1904 there were 1723 miners employed in Gympie. Accident data from the Department of Mines from the early 1900s amply demonstrates the range of occupational hazards (including defective explosives, rockfalls and machinery accidents) which led to injury or death for men working in Gympie&#39;s gold mines. In the period where the ambulance station attended to mining related cases there were 37 mining deaths and numerous accidents on the Gympie goldfield. The Gympie brigade used a special "Scott Tracy" stretcher, fitted with leather straps to vertically raise miners from underground. In 1910 the Queensland Governor Sir William MacGregor visited the station and was treated to a demonstration on how the stretcher was used. A 1911 photo shows the Gympie Brigade formally posed outside the station with the stretcher.</p><br>
<p>On 1 June 1905, the Ambulance Brigades Crown Road site (Portion 8 Gympie Gold Field) was formerly gazetted as an Ambulance Brigade Reserve. In its first year of operating from their new premises the GATB attended to 655 patients. After receiving first-aid at the station, patients were either taken home, to a doctors residence or to the Gympie hospital if further treatment was required. Bearers also transported patients who arrived to Gympie by rail from outlying areas such as Wondai and Cooroy. Demand for the service grew steadily during its first decade.</p><br>
<p>Gympies earliest ambulance bearers walked or ran to attend to cases, carrying patients on stretchers and later on litters (two-wheeled stretchers) to the station or hospital for treatment. Bearers often travelled long distances on shifts, especially when attending to cases in rural areas outside of Gympie. While the use of a horse and sulky from mid-1912 made travelling to callouts easier, patients were still transported by litter into Gympie. 1912 was also the year a second paid officer began working for the brigade. A building to house the sulky and litters and a horse stable were erected behind the station at this time. The brigade acquired its first motor ambulance in 1917 and an awning had been added to the front of the station building by 1918. The purchase of a second car in 1920 effectively rendered the horse and sulky service obsolete. In 1920-21, the Brigade pulled down the 1912 litter shed and replaced the 1904 superintendents residence with a single-skin, timber framed cottage with a pyramid roof, connected to the ambulance station by a walkway.</p><br>
<p>In early 1922 further improvements were undertaken to the station building. By September 1921, the brigade was in possession of three cars, and a lack of storage space in the front plant room determined the decision to add an annex to the station. The brigades use of the plant room at this time to store cars indicates that by 1921 the original front office space had been removed and replaced by an entrance door. The Brigades monthly meeting in January 1922 resolved to extend along the length of the south end of the station, with a frontage of 12 ft, and a roof carried out on the same pitch as the 1904 building. Construction was underway by February and completed by May at a cost of £93. In 1923, the brigade began considering the purchase of an additional car and the construction of a new maintenance shed. In January 1924, the tender of AC McKennan of £143/10 for the erection of the maintenance shed, a simple gable roofed timber structure, was accepted.</p><br>
<p>Following a deputation from the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade in late 1922, the GATB voted to affiliate with the state body from 1 Jan 1923. By this time the QATB was composed of 44 centres across the state, with 17 centres opening in the previous two and a half years. Under a mutual transfer system, Gympie ambulance staff went to QATB headquarters in Brisbane for further training in first aid, mechanical and business skills. Lewis Dean succeeded Frederick Roffe as Superintendent from August 1921 and continued to hold the position until 1969 (thought to be a world record in ambulance service). The wives of Superintendents who lived on-site at the residence fulfilled important duties related to the ambulance service, remaining on-call when other members of the brigade were out, answering telephone calls and providing basic first aid when injured people called at the station.</p><br>
<p>By 1941 calls had begun for a modern ambulance station for Gympie. In 1943 the Brigade Committee investigated building a new station on the Crown Road site, but financial restrictions prevented this from occurring. Subsequently, a building fund was established for a new station and the brigade began looking for suitable sites.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, the ambulance station measured 36 x, indicating the rear of the building was extended 18 ft sometime after 1922. Internally, the building included the plant (front) room and four other rooms - a first aid/casualty room, superintendent&#39;s office, staff bedroom and a larger multi-purpose room.</p><br>
<p>As late as 1954 the brigade were intending to pull down the station building at Crown Rd and erect a new station and living quarters. However, by November 1955, the brigade had acquired land on Nash Street in Gympie&#39;s CBD to build the new station and residence and requested the Crown Road reserve be rescinded. While this occurred in December 1955, the brigade remained at the site for another four years. The new Gympie Ambulance Station was opened in 1959, ending 55 years of use of the original station at Crown Road. By this time the Gympie Ambulance service had attended to 11,735 patients and had travelled over 1.85 million kilometres.</p><br>
<p>Since the removal of the ambulance service in 1959, the station building and house have been used for residential purposes and have been home to the Bowen family since 1987. Over this period some alterations have occurred to the former station building. The front entrance bi-fold doors have been reconstructed. To mark the Gympie Ambulance Service centenary celebrations in 2002, the front awning and finial were reconstructed, replacing the originals that had been removed. In the rooms at the rear of the building, some walls and ceilings have been lined with asbestos cement sheeting. Following a mine capping excavation project in 1992 a besser block understorey was installed beneath the building. On the northern side of the building a window has been replaced by a door and a (temporary) external balcony has been added to the rear. Alterations that have occurred to the former superintendent&#39;s residence include room and kitchen reconfiguration and verandah and rear deck extensions. A lean-to has been added to the maintenance shed.</p><br>
<p>While some changes have occurred, the station building survives as important evidence from the early period of expansion of ambulance services in Queensland. Only two other stations from this period-at Charters Towers (1903) and Ravenswood (1904) (Ravenswood Ambulance Station)-are known to exist.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Gympie Ambulance Station complex, including the ambulance station, garage and superintendent&#39;s residence, occupies a corner site bound by Crown Road and Stanley Street in a quiet residential area in the south of Gympie. The site slopes away to the west with the ambulance station and residence fronting Crown Road and the maintenance shed down the slope and accessed from Stanley Street.</p><br>
<p>The ambulance station, a timber-framed and clad building, is sheltered by a gabled roof with a lean-to the south. A large street awning shelters the wide entry doors facing the street. A concrete driveway slightly wider than the front of the building extends to the road crossover. The ambulance station is planned around a large garage space facing Crown Road with smaller scale rooms to the south and rear. A lean-to roofed annex runs along the southern side of the building. The roofs are clad in recent corrugated metal sheeting. Eaves are unlined and eaves gutters are quad-profile.</p><br>
<p>Wide entry doors consisting of two pairs of hinged ledged doors with strap hinges open out from the main volume to the street which is accessed via a wide driveway. The front opening is sheltered by a timber-framed footpath awning which is supported on timber posts and clad in corrugated metal sheeting. Decorative elements in the main elevation include a circular vent and a simple finial on the gable end. The main building is clad in chamferboards and the lean-to annex to the south is clad in weatherboards.</p><br>
<p>Multi-paned windows sheltered by recent timber framed window awnings are located along the south elevation. A paneled door opens from the upper level leading out to recent timber framed staircase that run along the side of the building and provide access to the lower level. External walls are clad in weatherboard.</p><br>
<p>The rear end of the gabled roof is visible on the western elevation where a temporary balcony has recently been constructed. The gable end is clad in chamferboard and features a square vent. Multi-paned windows are also located on this elevation together with a recent timber-framed window awning. The lower level of the building where the land slopes away has recently been enclosed with blockwork. This recent work is not considered to be of heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation of the ambulance building adjoins the adjacent former ambulance superintendent&#39;s residence. This elevation is clad in weatherboards and is linked to the residence with a timber-framed deck platform. A multi-paned double-hung window with a timber-framed awning opens from the main volume internally. A recent entry door and temporary screens have been added. This recent work is not considered to be of heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The garage within the ambulance station is a lofty space with the ceiling partly lined on the rake with v-jointed boards laid horizontally. The floor is mostly lined with tongue and groove boards. Two sections underneath where vehicles park is lined with unsealed hardwood shot-edge boards. A large archway frames an opening into the adjacent annex. Quad-profile trims are featured on the ceiling panels and trim the wall junctions. Simple pendant lights hang from the ceiling where a single ventilation inlet in-filled with fretwork is located.</p><br>
<p>The annex has similar finishes to the main garage room with ceilings lined on the rake with horizontally laid v-jointed boards. Walls are also lined with horizontally laid v-jointed boards. Rooms to the rear of the ambulance building have been lined with asbestos cement sheeting to both walls and ceilings. Ceilings to these rooms are lower and flat. Tongue and groove boards are visible on the floors in some of the rear rooms with some floors lined with carpet and linoleum.</p><br>
<p>The former maintenance shed is a timber-framed structure with a gabled roof. It is clad in weatherboards and has a corrugated metal roof. A decorative metal roof ventilator is located on the ridge. A small ledged entry door is located on the north elevation and a pair of large ledged doors opens to the street to the south. Three shuttered windows are located on the east elevation while an awning window and a small ledged door is located on the west elevation where a timber- framed lean-to roof has been added. Simple timber finials adorn each gable end. Internally walls and ceilings are unlined and un-painted and the floor is formed from concrete.</p><br>
<p>The former superintendent&#39;s residence is a single-skin, timber-framed cottage sheltered by a pyramid roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. A decorative roof vent crowns the peak of the roof. Verandahs run to the east and north. A range of work has been undertaken to the building including enclosure of the western part of the north verandah, addition of lattice to the east verandah, insertion of new openings, linings to partitions and verandah ceilings and an extension to the rear. As a consequence, the building contains a mix of new and early fabric. The interior and the rear extension are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The significance of this structure is in its presence on Crown Road alongside the ambulance station.</p><br>
<p>The ambulance complex buildings are located in a lush suburban garden shaded by semi-mature street trees and boundaries are fenced with recent timber pickets.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Gympie Ambulance Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 September 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Ambulance Station is important in demonstrating the development of ambulance services in Queensland. The establishment of civic ambulance services in regional Queensland centres began in the first decade of the 1900s, a pattern of development that continued during the 20th century. The purpose-built 1904 station building is among the earliest known surviving ambulance stations from this initial phase of establishment. Only two other examples, at Charters Towers (1903) and Ravenswood (1904) (Ravenswood Ambulance Station) are still in existence.</p><br>
<p>Additions undertaken during the building&#39;s use as an ambulance station (1904-1959) including the annex (1922), maintenance shed (1924) and rear extensions (pre-1948) provide important evidence of the evolution of Queensland ambulance services, illustrating the transition from the use of foot travel to motorised transport and growth in demand of the service.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Ambulance Station (former) is important in demonstrating the early role of gold mining towns in developing ambulance services in Queensland. Established during the peak years of Gympies gold production, the stations historical setting, close to large mine headworks and centrally positioned between the centre of town and the One Mile and Monkland areas, illustrates the influence of mining in determining its location.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The earliest known surviving timber building of its type, the former Gympie Ambulance Station is important in demonstrating the evolution of the principal characteristics of purpose-built ambulance stations during the twentieth century. The building&#39;s provision of large front entrances with ready road access from the plant room to facilitate quick exit and internal rear rooms for staff facilities illustrate the functions of the station.</p><br>
<p>Additions undertaken during the buildings use as an ambulance station (1904-1959), including the annex (1922), maintenance shed (1924) and rear room extensions (pre-1948), and the detached superintendents residence (1920–21), are important in illustrating the changing requirements of ambulance services over time.</p><br>
<p>Crawford and Co Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 216 Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hugo Durietz and built from 1881 to 1885. It is also known as Goldsworthy Building, Caston and Davidson Building, and Sym and Jackson Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Crawford and Co Building located at 216 Mary Street, Gympie is a two storey, masonry building with basement that was erected in two stages during the 1880s. The second storey was designed by Hugo Durietz in 1885 for James Crawford, who in partnership with Ernest Rohda, conducted his mining, commission agent and share broking business from this building until 1889. Thereafter, the building continued to be occupied by mining secretaries until when the mining industry in Gympie was in serious decline.</p><br>
<p>Gympie was settled after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield established Queensland as a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged. In a year the alluvial gold had been exhausted and shallow reef mining commenced. Deep reef mining commenced in 1875 requiring extensive capital investment achieved through the formation of companies. During 1881 mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie as an intensive phase of underground reef mining began, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees.</p><br>
<p>As Gympie evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, the early makeshift structures of the 1860s gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings from the mid 1870s. The success of deep reef mining from 1875 was reflected in the redevelopment of upper Mary Street during the 1880s and 1890s with substantial commercial buildings such as banks and company secretary and brokers&#39; offices. Several fires - in 1877, 1881 and 1891 - razed the earlier timber buildings and accelerated this transformation.</p><br>
<p>A fire in August 1881 destroyed all of the buildings between Patterson&#39;s brick store and the Bank of New South Wales (242 Mary Street) on the south-western side of Mary Street, Gympie. This included the timber building that had stood on the site of the present-day Crawford and Co Building and which may have been occupied by Samuel Caston, sharebroker, mining secretary and commission agent. Sometime between August 1881 and 1885 a one-storey masonry building was erected.</p><br>
<p>In October 1885 the property was purchased for £650 by James Crawford, mining secretary, who commissioned architect Hugo Durietz to make additions to the building. The resultant two storey facade is in a Victorian classical style. On 2 March 1889 The Queenslanders Travelling Correspondent described the building of Messrs James Crawford and Co as "most conspicuous, not merely on account of its height, but principally owing to its very elegant and attractive proportions". To him it was: "the most handsome building on the field. Two stories high with stone front, and tastily ornamented... the keystones of the main door and window are ornamented with splendidly executed casts of two of Scotlands most popular bards, Burns and Scott; between the lower and upper windows there is a beautifully-worked scroll, the tracery of which interlaces representations of Scotch thistles; and the whole is surmounted by a parapet of bold and attractive designs. On each side of the parapet the British lion, rampant-while rising from the top are models of the emu and kangaroo with shields showing Australia&#39;s coat of arms."</p><br>
<p>This exterior decoration of the Crawford and Co Building represented several cultural influences - the British Empire (lions), Scotland (thistle), the nascent movement towards federation of the Australian colonies which was gaining momentum during the 1880s (kangaroo and emu) and the literary tastes of the owner (Burns and Scott).</p><br>
<p>The same Queenslander correspondent also described the interior of the building as well planned with ample room for Messrs J Crawford and Co&#39;s large broking business.</p><br>
<p>Extensive deep reef mining in Gympie during the 1880s and 1890s made Gympie Queenslands second and then third biggest gold producer (after Mount Morgan gold production overtook it in 1887). During this period gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queenslands export income.</p><br>
<p>However, the development of deep reef mining required enormous capital. The gold mining industry was the major capital-using sector of the colonial economy. This necessitated company formation to raise capital through sale of shares. The increase in production led to an upsurge in company formation on a massive scale. This growth in gold-mining shares led to the formation of the Gympie Stock Exchange, which specialised completely in trading mining shares.</p><br>
<p>The presence of sharebrokers engaged in share trading at the Gympie Stock Exchange and of mining secretaries involved in the administration of mines were the natural consequence. Mining secretaries, like company secretaries, ensured that the mining company they represented complied with relevant legislation and regulation, and they kept board members informed of their legal responsibilities. Mining secretaries were the company&#39;s named representative on legal documents, and it was their responsibility to ensure that the company and its directors operated within the law. It was also their responsibility to register and communicate with shareholders, to ensure that dividends were paid and company records maintained, such as lists of directors and shareholders, and annual accounts. Sharebrokers were necessary for every transaction on the Gympie Stock Exchange as transactions must be made between two members of the exchange.</p><br>
<p>James Crawford, mining secretary and sharebroker, arrived in Gympie in 1879 and quickly won the confidence and respect of investors. He was elected to the Gympie Municipal Council in 1887 and held a number of other public positions such as membership of the Gympie Hospital Committee.</p><br>
<p>However, in August 1889 James Crawford was arrested on a charge of forgery brought by William Davies, who was the director of several mining companies, and to whom Crawford was related by marriage. A Welshman, William Davies was one of the most successful investors on the Gympie goldfield. He arrived in Gympie in the early 1870s and invested in the Lady Mary line of reef, which proved successful. Thereafter he was involved in almost every mine of importance, with his chief interests being in 1 North Glanmire, 4 North Phoenix, Great Eastern and North Smithfield mines. He served on many directorates, was a member of the Widgee Divisional Board, was one of the first directors of the Gympie Gas Company and was also one of the founders of the Royal Bank of Queensland. After James Crawford fled to South Africa in 1889 to escape his trial the building at 216 Mary Street passed to William Davies to whom Crawford had mortgaged it in 1887. Thereafter, the building was rented to other mining secretaries and stockbrokers viz Caston and Davidson (circa1890-circa1914) and then Sym and Jackson (circa1914-circa1919).</p><br>
<p>Substantial changes in the Queensland mining sector occurred between 1900 and 1913. Gold production in Queensland peaked in 1903, due largely to a final burst of production at Gympie, which was followed by a 60 percent decrease in production between 1903 and 1913 as Gympie (and the other two major Queensland goldfields Charters Towers and Mount Morgan) declined simultaneously. The Gympie field passed through its most profitable period from 1901 to 1906 and in 1903 it recorded an output of 146,000 fine ounces (surpassing Mount Morgan that year). After 1906 the decline that had set in at Gympie in 1904 accelerated.</p><br>
<p>This downturn in gold production forced the closure of the Stock Exchange. Sharebrokers and mining secretaries declined in number as gold mining companies ceased operations. Thomas H Sym whose name, with that of his partner, Jackson, appeared on the parapet of the building was a mining secretary and sharebroker who died during 1925. Thereafter, the building was occupied by optometrists, commencing with William John Hodson who purchased the building in 1924, then Joseph Tilley, followed by Arthur Carvosso (from 1933) and then Peter Goldsworthy who purchased the property in 1973. It continues in this usage.</p><br>
<p>Additions to the rear were constructed in the 1930s and the upper storey was converted from offices to living space. Also during the 1930s a partition wall between the two rear offices of the 1880s building was removed and some partition walls installed. These partitions were removed in the mid-1970s. In the late 1970s the upper storey reverted to office space with the removal of its kitchen and it has since been used for storage. In 1985 posts were added under the floor as the joists that spanned the full width of the building had sagged. During 1986-87 rotten floorboards on the ground level were replaced and loose plasterwork was repaired or replaced. Other repairs have included: reinstatement of the partition wall between the two offices; replacement of a window in the original rear wall with a reproduction; replacement of step treads in the cedar staircase; replacement of damaged and missing plaster cornice with replica cornice and replacement of the iron roof with Zincalume. The building&#39;s address to Reef Street, which gave the only means of accessing the rear of the building, has been retained.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Crawford and Co Building is a two storey building with basement built to the front and side alignments of a narrow allotment that extends between Mary and Reef Streets. The building is one of a group of Gympie gold-mining buildings dating from the late nineteenth century on the southern side of the upper slope of Mary Street in Gympie&#39;s central business district. It has load-bearing masonry walls supporting a timber-framed roof and floors. Its gabled roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting is concealed behind parapet walls. An elevated timber framed and clad single storey addition is located at the rear of the building and has access to Reef Street.</p><br>
<p>The former Crawford and Co Building has an ornamental and eclectic Victorian facade featuring many characteristics of the Renaissance style of architecture including pediments, balustraded parapets and low-relief pilasters symmetrically composed around its vertical axis. Each floor space of the building is clearly articulated in the layout of the facade. The impression of strength and solidity is given by a decorative rendered finish. Rusticated quoining has been applied to each end of the building&#39;s upper floor and the lower floor has been lined out in imitation of stone ashlar. The entrance door and window opening on the ground floor are arched and feature casts of the heads (of Burns and Scott) on the key stones. A decorative string course with low-relief scrolls interspersed with rosette motifs spans the building between the upper and lower windows.</p><br>
<p>Window openings on the upper floor containing double hung timber framed sashes are rectangular and crested with pediments supported on decorative scroll brackets. A single winged acroteria remains on the corner of the eastern-most pediment. Deep reveals are created with moulded architraves and Scotch thistle motifs are etched below each window sill and framed by short low relief pilasters. The parapet features a deep ornamental cornice supported with scroll-shaped brackets and short balusters set between moulded rails. Surmounting the parapet are raised plinths supporting symbolic statues of a kangaroo (north-western end) and an emu (north-eastern end) with shields housing Australia&#39;s coat of arms. A centrally placed monumental pediment, which may once have housed a clockface, is decorated with the British lion, scrolls, low relief pilasters, rosettes and features a carved Scotch thistle at its peak.</p><br>
<p>The rear parapet wall has a thin rendered finish through which brickwork courses are visible. Within the masonry wall are a triangular window located at the apex of the gabled section and a door and window opening at first floor level contain a sealed timber paneled and glazed door and a tall, rectangular, timber framed, double-hung window with multi-paned sashes.</p><br>
<p>From Mary Street, a pair of painted, timber paneled doors provides access into a small timber framed and lined entry vestibule which is recessed into and provides access to the building&#39;s large foyer space via another pair of timber and glazed paneled swing doors. A tall, arched window with double-hung sashes to the west of the entrance provides natural light to the foyer. The foyer contains a timber staircase to the first floor on the south-eastern wall and south-western wall contains doors to the two rear offices. The rear timber framed addition containing an office, kitchen, bathroom and access to the rear stair is accessed from the former rear door to the building located in the south-eastern office. The first floor level, accessed via a timber staircase, has a similar layout with a small former kitchen and former bedroom at the rear and a larger former living space facing Mary Street.</p><br>
<p>The internal walls on the upper two levels are lined with plaster while ceilings on both levels are lined with double-beaded tongue and groove pine boards with elaborate cornices using plaster to walls and timber to ceilings. The floors on both levels are covered with carpet. Ceiling roses remain in the upper living room (timber) and in the front foyer (plaster). Internal openings are generous in height and consist of timber-paneled doors with glazed pivoting fanlights above. The original rear door leading into the 1930s addition has patterned and obscure glass panels. The former lower level rear window is still in place and is a multi-paned double-hung timber-framed window. Generous cedar skirting boards, skirting blocks and architraves are located in many areas and the majority of the interior timber work and joinery is clear finished. Original window and door furniture generally survives.</p><br>
<p>The internal staircase consists of closed risers and treads with elaborate turned balusters and newel posts. The handrail follows the turn of the stairs and the skirting board is also carefully shaped to follow the incline. The underside of the stair is enclosed with timber paneling.</p><br>
<p>The basement level has an asphalt floor and the perimeter rock, brick and sandstone foundations are visible to the north, east and west walls. Steel posts and a new central beam have recently been added to support the existing bearers spanning the building. Herringbone struts brace the hardwood framing.</p><br>
<p>The 1930s addition is supported on brick piers and its roof is clad with corrugated metal sheeting. A short flight of timber framed stairs provides access to the rear yard and is covered by a timber framed awning. The rear door is timber paneled with a paint finish and adjacent windows are casements with multi-paned coloured glass. A small louvred window is located to the west. Internal walls are lined with double-beaded tongue and groove board and side walls abut immediately to adjoining buildings. This addition is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Crawford and Co Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Crawford and Co Building erected during the 1880s is important in demonstrating the evolution of Gympie gold mining, a major contributor to the wealth of Queensland for nearly 60 years from 1867. As Gympie gold production continued and evolved from alluvial to shallow reef mining to deep reef mining from 1875, this change was reflected in the erection of more permanent and elaborate buildings in the town centre. Erected during the third stage of Gympie mining, the former Crawford and Co Building is indicative of the wealth and permanence of the town.</p><br>
<p>Its siting near Commissioners Hill in the vicinity of important government and gold-related buildings also illustrates the growth and evolution of Gympie&#39;s development. It forms part of the upper Mary Street gold era precinct.</p><br>
<p>For almost four of the six decades during which Gympie gold helped sustain the Queensland economy the former Crawford and Co Building provided office accommodation for mining secretaries and sharebrokers, who played a critical role in the gold industry after capital-intense deep reef mining became the predominant method of extracting gold deposits.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Crawford and Co Building possesses a facade design that, in its individual elements and their composition, is uncommon and has always been uncommon. The use of skyline decoration - emu and kangaroo statues bearing shields, picks and shovels; an ornamental central pediment featuring lion&#39;s heads, acanthus leaves and egg; and dart mouldings upon a balustraded parapet - plus dissimilar and abundant enrichment to each storey including moulded faces on the keystones of the entrance and ground floor window arches is an idiosyncratic stylist combination.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Crawford and Co Building is a good example of Victorian-era commercial offices. The original 1880s structure comprises a foyer, handsome cedar staircase to the first floor rooms, a ground floor office and a basement. The interior contains fine finishes such as plaster walls, decorative plaster cornices, pine ceilings, and handsome original red cedar joinery including windows, fanlights, architraves, skirtings and substantial doors.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building has aesthetic significance for its architectural qualities expressed in the interior craftsmanship and detailing of the joinery and finishes, and for its streetscape value through its form, scale and design which complement other surviving 19th century buildings in the street. The unique facade of the former Crawford and Co Building evokes astonishment and surprise. It comprises uncommon features and combinations of these features to create unusual compositional qualities.</p><br>
<p>Located on the south-western side of Mary Street, the former Crawford and Co Building forms part of the pleasing upper Mary Street streetscape dating from the Gympie gold-mining era.</p><br>
<p>Gympie Memorial Park is a heritage-listed memorial at River Road, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Harry Moore and Alfred Herbert Foster and built from 1919 to 1921. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gympie Memorial Park was established in 1919-1921 as the Gympie and Widgee District Fallen Soldiers Memorial Park, with a landscape design prepared by Brisbanes Parks Superintendent Henry (Harry) Moore and a focal timber bandstand designed by Brisbane City Councils architect Alfred Herbert Foster. The park was opened on 20 April 1921 but the first official function in the park was an address to His Royal Highness Edward, Prince of Wales, during the Princes visit to Gympie on 3 August 1920. Funded largely by community subscription and built on land donated by the Henderson family, owners of Ferguson & Co.&#39;s Union Sawmills, the memorial park was intended as a lasting tribute to the citizens of the city and its district who had died for their country during the Great War of 1914-1918 and the Boer War of 1899-1902. The bandstand erected in the park in 1919-1920 is also a memorial to a former and much-respected local bandmaster, Mr Frederick Thomas Percival.</p><br>
<p>The park is located in Nashs Gully in central Gympie, on the northern side of the Mary River. A little further up the gully, near the later Gympie Town Hall, James Nash had found alluvial gold in 1867, sparking Queenslands first major gold rush in October that year. The Nashville Goldfield was proclaimed and a township was established on the field to support the miners. By mid-1868 the name of the field had been changed to Gympie, reputedly an Aboriginal word for the stinging trees found in the district. The alluvial gold was worked out within 12 months, but reefs on Caledonian Hill, the Hilton, One Mile, Monkland and Two Mile were being worked from early 1868 and by the mid-1870s the township of Gympie had become the centre of one of the richest goldfields in Queensland. About 50 mining companies were still operating at Gympie in 1909, but by the 1920s output was waning. The town of Gympie acquired city status in 1905 and at the outbreak of war in 1914 was the centre of a well-populated timber-getting, sawmilling, dairying and agricultural district.</p><br>
<p>Although fought in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, the Great War had a profound impact on Australia. In 1914 the nation retained strong ties to the "motherland" and had no hesitation in entering the war in support of Britain. Over 300,000 Australians from a population of four million volunteered for service overseas, and approximately 60,000 of these died. Almost every community in every Australian state lost young men in this war. No previous or subsequent war has had such an impact on the nation in terms of loss of life.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of hostilities, memorials were being erected by Australian communities to honour local people who had served and died during this international conflict. These memorials were a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites. With British policy decreeing that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell, war memorials became substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries overseas. Great War memorials took a variety of forms in Australia, including honour boards, stone monuments, tree-line memorial avenues, memorial parks, and utilitarian structures such as gates, halls and clocks. In Queensland the soldier statue was a popular choice of monument, while the obelisk predominated in southern states.</p><br>
<p>On 9 January 1919 a group of prominent citizens met to establish the Gympie and Widgee District Fallen Soldiers Memorial Fund and to discuss how best to honour the communitys war dead. Several alternatives were proposed, including a garden, a park, a scholarship and a stone "digger" monument. On behalf of his family - and as a tribute to his father William Henderson, who was one of the founders of Ferguson & Co.s Union Sawmills in Gympie in 1868 - Mr Arthur Henderson offered as a site for a memorial park, a triangular parcel of land bounded by River Road and Reef and Young streets in Nashs Gully, in the heart of Gympie. This was Machine Area 12, occupied by the Union Sawmills until they moved to Nashville on the outskirts of Gympie in 1917.</p><br>
<p>There were two main difficulties with the site offered by Mr Henderson: there was no direct access from Mary Street (Gympies principal commercial thoroughfare); and it lay below the flood mark. Gympie had a long history of severe inundation from the Mary River, with flood levels having reached 25.45m in 1893 and 22m in 1898. The meeting suggested that Brisbane City Councils Parks Superintendent, Mr Harry Moore be asked to advise. A horticulturalist and landscape gardener, Moore had been appointed as Brisbane&#39;s first Parks Superintendent in September 1912, a position he held until the early 1940s, and in 1914 had created the much-admired New Farm Park in Brisbane. In annual Mayor reports, Moore was thanked for his work in beautifying the parks and gardens of Brisbane, and his services were lent to Stephens Shire in 1916 to prepare a design for the Yeronga Memorial Park (constructed 1917-1921).</p><br>
<p>By early February 1919 Moore had visited Gympie and reported on a number of proposed sites for a park or garden. He favoured the former sawmill site if access from Mary Street could be arranged, and if he could be assured that no serious damage from flooding would result.</p><br>
<p>Public debate over the nature of the memorial to be established, and whether to accept the Henderson familys offer, continued in the local press and at public meetings for well over two months. The Gympie Sub-Branch of the Returned Soldiers and Sailors Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA) supported the sawmill site, if access from Mary Street could be obtained. After the Henderson family made available an additional strip of land between Mary and Reef streets, with a 31 ft (9.45m) frontage to Mary Street, their offer was accepted at a public meeting held on 26 March 1919. A park in the centre of the city would be a permanent memorial to the districts fallen soldiers; of benefit to the community; and an attraction to visitors.</p><br>
<p>By mid-July 1919 work on clearing and levelling the site had commenced. Over the next months buildings and fences associated with the former sawmill were dismantled and money received from the sale of the timber in these structures was put toward forming and improving the park. Over the following year open concrete drains at either end of the site (along Young Street and near the intersection of Reef Street and River Road) were domed, and a perimeter fence of iron-bark timber and fabric wire was constructed. The Memorial Committee employed local returned servicemen for the ground works whenever possible.</p><br>
<p>Harry Moore&#39;s services were also made available to prepare a design for the park, which he had completed by mid-July 1919. Moore had a distinctive style of layout and planting choices. He rarely used straight paths and formal, classical designs, preferring the fluidity of gently curving gravelled pedestrian walkways radiating from a few entrance points. He favoured the use of raised, dry-stone walled rockery beds with dramatic displays of flowering annuals, perennials and shrubs (roses were a particular favourite of his) in bold, massed-planting arrangements. Moore would use rockeries to line walkways, or as distinctive circular or elliptical features in open grassed lawns. For shade trees, he favoured a bold mix of palms, pines and dramatic flowering species such as poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima) and jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia).</p><br>
<p>In laying out the Fallen Soldiers Memorial Park at Gympie, Moore provided a pedestrian link from Mary Street through to the southern corner of the park and River Road: "Mr Moores idea is to continue the entrance roadway from Mary street right through to River road on the one grade, the entrance from Mary Street to the Park to be flanked by ornamental rockeries..." (Gympie Times and Mary River Mining Gazette 15 July 1919:3). The gravelled access lane off Mary Street formed the official entrance drive to the park, with the Gympie and Widgee War Memorial Gates at the Mary Street end. Vehicles could pass through the Mary Street entrance gates along the lane to Reef Street on official occasions, but at other times access to the laneway was restricted to pedestrian traffic. At the park, Moore laid out a scheme of gently curving gravel walkways leading from perimeter gates toward a central bandstand. There were at least three perimeter gates: in Reef Street opposite the laneway leading from Mary Street; at the corner of Reef Street and River Road; and at the corner of Young Street and River Road. There may have been a fourth gate toward the eastern end of Reef Street. Access through the park to River Road was restricted to pedestrian traffic.</p><br>
<p>A 1922 photograph shows that early park plantings included an avenue of Cabbage Palms (Livistona australis) along the main walkway leading from the Reef Street entrance opposite the laneway off Mary Street, to the bandstand. The walkway leading from the bandstand to the corner of Young Street and River Road appears to be lined with an avenue of possibly Cabbage Palms alternating with pines (Conifer spp.); and the walkway from the gate at the intersection of Reef Street and River Road, which followed the River Road boundary before turning east toward the bandstand, was lined with what appear to be pine trees. Four raised, circular or elliptical garden beds were set out within open grassed areas of the park - three along the River Road side and one north of the walkway leading from Reef Street to the bandstand. Unlike the laneway rockeries, they do not appear to have been edged with stone. A few perimeter shade trees had been planted, but much of the area east of the bandstand remained an open grassy space, where seats were set out when band concerts were being performed.</p><br>
<p>In August 1919 Gympie City Council rescinded a 1917 resolution to endow the construction of a bandstand in the citys Queens Park as a memorial to local band master FT Percival (who died in 1907), and resolved instead to provide a similar endowment for the construction of a bandstand in the Fallen Soldiers Memorial Park. The stand was built to the same design as that prepared by AH Foster for New Farm Park, but modified to accommodate a second set of steps. Foster, an architect who joined the Brisbane City Council in 1913 as assistant to the City Engineer, was appointed City Architect in 1925 and held this position until his untimely death in 1932. His park works included bandstands at Bowen Park (1914), New Farm Park (1915), Wickham Park (1917) and Newstead Park and kiosks at Moora Park (Sandgate) and at New Farm Park (1915). The park structures he designed provided a focus and elegance that complemented Harry Moores fluid landscape designs. Together, Moore and Foster created Brisbane&#39;s most beautiful and popular parks and gardens of the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Fosters design was for a timber-framed bandstand resting on brick piers set on a concrete base. The structure had a pyramid roof clad with fibrous-cement tiles (a very new product in Australia at that time) and was simply but effectively decorative with gablets to each side of the roof (these had shaped timber in-fills); a finial at the roof peak and at the end of each gablet; timber balustrades and valances with fretwork panels around the pavilion sides; and honeycomb brick infill between the piers. The contract was let in September 1919 to Mr TJ Dale of Gympie, who tendered with a price of £550/13/-. Work was completed in time for the Prince of Wales visit on 3 August 1920, when a civic address was presented to him from the bandstand. Foster also designed a lighting scheme for the park, using 1000 cp (candle power) lights at the Mary Street entrance gates and in the park, and eight lights of 130 cp each in the bandstand. At a later date, an additional set of concrete stairs was added to the east side of the bandstand, and still later (late 1960s or 1970s), the roof was re-clad with terracotta tiles.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 the Queensland Institute of Architects, on behalf of the Gympie and Widgee District Fallen Soldiers&#39; Memorial Fund, held a design competition for memorial gates in Mary Street. George Rae, a young draftsman in the Brisbane office of Lange Powell, won the competition. The gates cost close to £1000 and were completed about August 1920. Plaques on the gateposts recorded the names of 167 local men who died during service in the Great War (1914-1918) and of the two who fell in the Boer War (1899-1902). The memorial gates and laneway are the subject of a separate entry in the Queensland heritage register (Gympie and Widgee War Memorial Gates).</p><br>
<p>The Gympie and Widgee District Fallen Soldier&#39;s Memorial Park was handed over to the Gympie City Council on 9 February 1921 and was opened officially on 20 April 1921 by senator Major-General Sir Thomas William Glasgow, KCB, CMG, DSO, formerly of Gympie, who had led the Australian re-capture of the French town of Villiers-Bretonneux from German troops on the night of 24 April 1918 and turned the war in favour of the allies. The opening coincided with a "carnival and continental cafe" in the park conducted by the RSSILA to raise funds for improving their hall in nearby Reef Street, and attracted a crowd of over 2,000. The memorial park, bandstand and gates had cost just over £5,500 and was opened free of debt.</p><br>
<p>The status of the park was formalised when on 2 December 1921 an area of 3 acres 2 roods 20 perches (1.47ha), comprising former Machine Area 12 and adjacent parts of Reef Street and River Road, was proclaimed as a Reserve for Soldiers&#39; Memorial Park, and the Council of the City of Gympie proclaimed as Trustee on 24 December 1921.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s the Gympie City Council spent a further £660 on the erection of a fernery and public lavatories in the park. Neither of these facilities survives.</p><br>
<p>Concerns about flooding were well-founded as the park was flooded on many occasions including 1927, 1931 and 1954.</p><br>
<p>During World War II (1939-1945) the Gympie City Council constructed underground air-raid shelters in the memorial park, adjacent to the band rotunda. These shelters had timber walling, like mine shafts, and a timber roof over which about half a metre of soil was laid, and each could accommodate 20 to 30 people. After the war, the shelters were dismantled.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s the Council constructed a brick nursery and fernery along the Young Street side of the park. This may have incorporated an earlier brick structure on the site.</p><br>
<p>Reef Street became the principal vehicular access to the park. In 1938 an attempt was made to retrieve sections of the former Reef Street road reserve that had been incorporated into the memorial park in 1921, for car parking purposes. The local sub-branch of the RSSILA took an active interest in protecting the site as a memorial and initially viewed any reduction in the area of the park to be a "violation", but in late 1944 agreed to Council&#39;s plan to remove the fence along Reef Street to provide additional car parking, ease traffic congestion along the street, and create "an open and more attractive boundary to the park on this side" (Gympie Times 5 December 1944). Eventually all the perimeter fencing to the park was removed, although that along Young Street was still in existence. From 2004 a number of small excisions along the boundaries of the park were made for road widening purposes, the area of the park in August 2009 being 1.394ha.</p><br>
<p>Other memorials have been placed in the park since its establishment as a World War I memorial. Circa 1939 the sandstone and marble memorial fountain honouring the discoverer of gold at Gympie, James Nash, was relocated from near the Town Hall to the memorial park, close to the intersection of Reef Street and River Road. At this time the drinking fountain function was lost, and the upper section with sandstone urn and finials was removed. On Armistice Day 1988, a memorial stone in the park was dedicated to the citizens of Gympie and Widgee Shire who had served in military campaigns in Korea (August 1950-July 1953); Malaya/Malaysia (June 1948-July 1960), Borneo (February 1964-August 1966) and Vietnam (July 1962-January 1973).</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Gympie Regional Council proposed the construction of a $22.7 million levee to protect the CBD area (including the Memorial Park) from future flooding. However, the proposal relies on obtaining state and federal funding.</p><br>
<p>The Soldiers&#39; Memorial Park (now generally referred to simply as the Memorial Park) remains a focus for annual Anzac Day (25 April) and Remembrance Day (11 November) events and a popular local pedestrian park, especially during weekday lunch hours.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gympie Memorial Park is located just south of the central business district along Mary Street, on a low-lying triangle of ground that occupies the whole of the block bounded by Reef Street to the north, Young Street to the south-east and River Road to the south-west. Linked with Mary Street via a walkway that contains the heritage-listed Gympie and Widgee War Memorial Gates, the park is an attractive green space in the heart of town. Consisting of lawns, circular and oval rose garden beds, paved walkways and a wide variety of mature trees, it retains much of its original form and continues to accommodate many of the functions carried out there since its establishment. A 1920 memorial timber bandstand in the centre of the park is the most visually dominant structure on the site. More discreetly placed is a 1950s brick fernery building, built into the steep bank along the Young Street boundary, which appears to contain elements of an earlier brick structure. A number of other memorials have been placed throughout the park, including a large sandstone monument dedicated to James Nash, which occupies a prominent position near the corner of Reef Street and River Road. Recent signage, bench seating, picnic tables, garbage bins and two children&#39;s playgrounds are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The park retains much of its original layout design, the key elements of which are the bandstand, walkways, garden beds and trees. The bandstand is located close to the centre of the park and orientated to the north-west. From this central feature, walkways branch out to the south, east and north-west, the latter connecting to the Memorial Gates walkway from Mary Street. At least two of these walkways, those branching to the north-west and south, were part of the 1920 design and have avenues of trees on either side. The walkway to the east also may be part of the original design, and is lined with trees. A later walkway crosses the park north to south, linking the Memorial Gates walkway with River Road. All the walkways through the park are paved.</p><br>
<p>Despite their recent concrete and block edging, four garden beds in the park (one elliptical shaped, three circular) appear to be of the same dimensions and in the same positions as the garden beds established in 1920. Three are placed in a line parallel to the River Street boundary in the western half of the park, with circular beds at either end and the elliptical bed in the centre. The fourth and largest circular garden bed sits to the north of the bandstand near the Reef Street boundary. All four beds are planted with roses in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The variety and number of planted mature trees is a distinctive characteristic of the park. These include trees planted around the park perimeter, creating a green screen that varies in density depending on the tree species used. Some, such as several Hoop Pines (Araucaria cunninghamii) appear, by their size, to be very mature and may date from the earliest planting schemes. Apart from Hoop Pines, perimeter plantings consist mainly of Jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia), Brown Pines (Podocarpus elatus), Crows Ash (Flindersia australis) and Kauri Pine (Agathis robusta). Early trees can also be found in the avenues planted along walkways that exist from the original park layout. The avenue linking the bandstand to the Memorial Gates walkway has Queen Palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana), Cabbage Palms (Livistona australis) and Chinese Fan Palms (Livistona chinensis), some of which appear to be evident in early photographs. The avenue running south from the bandstand to the corner of River Road and Young Street contains paired Bumpy Ash (Flindersia schottiana) trees, alternated with various species of palm. Lining the walkway heading east from the bandstand are paired Jacarandas and other trees including a large Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina). Other individual and grouped specimen trees are found throughout the park. Some notable examples are a large Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii (Pinus caribaea)) west of the bandstand, a line of Silky Oaks (Grevillea robusta) through the eastern lawn area and a mature Illawarra Flame tree (Brachychiton acerifolius) in the north-west corner of the park.</p><br>
<p>The 1920 bandstand is a free-standing, elevated, timber-framed pavilion. The square, broken-back hipped roof has small gable projections on all four sides and is clad in concrete tiles. Each gablet has a bargeboard and decorative timber screens. The roof is supported by square timber posts that have decorated tops and ornamental brackets. A timber frieze (featuring a harp and a crossed horns motif) sits under the roof, running between each post. The timber board-lined ceiling, consisting of four triangular panels joined with cover strips, falls gently towards the centre of the pavilion. The bandstand plan is essentially square, with fixed timber corner benches and narrow, rectangular bays projecting out from all four sides. A timber balustrade encompasses the whole, in-filled with a combination of timber balusters and some metal replacement sections. The platform floor is timber board-lined and accessed by concrete steps to the north-west and south-east. The steps on the main (north-west) facade are narrower and have a marble memorial plaque attached to the concrete piers on either side. The one on the left states "In Memory of F. T. Percival, Bandmaster, 1902 - 1907" while the other is inscribed "In Memory of Fallen Comrades, The Great War, 1914 - 1918". The structure stands on concrete piers that are connected by panels of honeycombed brickwork. The ground immediately around the bandstand is paved and linked to the three paved walkways that branch out from here.</p><br>
<p>The 1950s fernery building is constructed from orange bricks and consists of an enclosed storage room at the south-east end and a long, open air enclosure used for growing ferns and other plants. The storage shed at the south-west end has a timber framed gable roof, clad in corrugated iron. The walls are brick and appear to encase remnants of an earlier brick-on-edge structure with decorative lintels above the north-west-facing openings, made of bricks standing on end and angled. The fernery enclosure has a skillion roof with steel truss framing, clad primarily with steel caging panels and shade cloth. The fernery walls are solid brickwork up to waist height with brick piers supporting the roof structure. Window openings between the piers are in-filled with steel caging panels. Two doorways open onto the park, one at either end. The north-east end of the fernery has small, flat roofed, block work extension.</p><br>
<p>Of the other memorials positioned around the park, the sandstone and marble monument to James Nash is the most prominent. It stands in the north-west corner of the park, facing the intersection of Reef Street, River Road and Monkland Street. Designed in a classical style, it has a square base, Corinthian-order pilasters at each corner, a wide cornice, and is topped by a sandstone block ornamented with a carved wreath. Marble panels are fixed between each pilaster; two have projecting marble basins and one is inscribed with the words "Erected to the Memory of James Nash, who discovered the Gympie goldfield, 16th October 1867. Born at Beanacre, Wiltshire, England, 5th September 1834. Died at Gympie 5th October 1913." West of the bandstand is a "Peace Pole" memorial that has one plaque attached to a decorated timber pole and another on a rock at its base. Aligned with the bandstand to the south-west is a 1988 War Memorial, which consists of a large sandstone boulder with a small cross carved in relief, a large granite plaque and a small brass plaque below it. A low, semi-circular concrete masonry wall surrounds the boulder and has two brass plaques on its inner face, commemorating the deaths of individual soldiers. A nearby flagpole associated with this memorial stands to the north-west.</p><br>
<p>The low-lying position of the park and the density of trees planted around its edge focus views within and through the park, rather than out from it. Glimpses of the park in its treed setting can be obtained from a number of surrounding streets to the north and from Calton Hill adjacent to the south-east.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gympie Memorial Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Park was established in 1919-1921 as a lasting tribute to citizens of Gympie and its district who had died for their country during the Great War of 1914-1918 and to the two who had fallen during the Boer War of 1899-1902. As part of a spontaneous outpouring of national grief at the loss of 60,000 Australians during the Great War of 1914-1918, the Memorial Park contributed to the nation-building of Australia in the early twentieth century and remains important in demonstrating a significant aspect of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Park at Gympie remains among the most intact of the early twentieth century collaborative efforts of landscape designer Henry (Harry) Moore and architect AH Foster, in creating popular and much-admired public parks and gardens. As employees of the Brisbane City Council and associated principally with Brisbane, the fact that Moore and Foster were invited to design the park layout and bandstand at Gympie is testament to the popularity and wider influence of their work at this period.</p><br>
<p>The best Brisbane examples of the work of Moore and Foster survive at New Farm Park (1914) and in elements of the 1914 re-design of Bowen Park. Neither remains as true to Moores design concept as the Memorial Park at Gympie, which retains early design elements including: the connection between the laneway off Mary Street and the Memorial Park; the arrangement of the main walkways radiating from a central focal point occupied by a decorative timber bandstand; the circular and elliptical raised garden beds; and early tree plantings. The substantially intact, timber bandstand designed by AH Foster is an excellent example both of a park bandstand of this era in Queensland, and of Fosters design abilities.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The park possesses beautiful and picturesque attributes, due to: the careful composition and intactness of early elements (such as the bandstand, walkways, garden beds and trees) associated with the original park layout; sightlines and views through the park (with the bandstand as the central focus); the avenues of mature trees containing a variety of species; and the sense of enclosure and calm created by perimeter plantings that screen the park from commercial development surrounding it.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong and special association for Gympie and district as the focus for public commemorative events at annual Anzac and Remembrance days.</p><br>
<p>Whitefriar or Akrill&#39;s Court in the High Street, Lincoln is an important but sadly neglected timber-framed building. It now has a late 20th century shop front, but the timber-framed building survives with the southern front facing the narrow Akrill’s passage, on the east side of the High Street and just to the south of the railway crossing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Surprisingly little is known about this building. The name Akrill refers to a baker who owned the property in the early part of the 19th. century. Padley, who made scaled drawings of the buildings in 1851 said that traditionally it was thought to be part of the White or Carmelite Friary in Lincoln. Adjacent to it at the east end was a small stone building with a Norman arch. As the Carmellite friary has now been shown by archaeological excavation to have been under St Mark’s Station, on the opposite side of the High Street, it is unlikely that the building was associated with the friary. It has been alternatively suggested that the Whitefriars was the half-timbered vicarage of St Mary le Wigford church but there is documentary evidence that in 1563 it was owned by Arthur Hall, an important Grantham merchant- this appears to be the same Arthur Hall who was the M.P. for Grantham. The building may have been a speculative commercial, attracting superior tenants who would sell from the ground floor chamber and live with their family on the first floor. Restoration work was undertaken to the building in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Originally a house dating from the 15th century. The facade faces to the south in a narrow alley-way and the building is at a right angle to the High Street. It has a close studded timber frame of four bays with rendered nogging and a plain tile roof. The first floor is jettied and is coved (curved) outwards with eaves above. South side has moulded uprights. Above, two square wooden oriels on moulded brackets and a 4-light window with wooden mullions and gothic tracery The interior has stud walls with jowled bay posts, two of them with arch braces, and arch braces to the spine beams. Principal rafter roof with collars and spine beam. Two stud walls without nogging.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Antram N (revised), Pevsner N & Harris J, (1989), The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire, Yale University Press. pg 525.</p><br>
<p>Padley J.S. (1851) Selections from the ancient monastic ecclesiastical and domestic edifices of Lincolnshire, Lincoln</p><br>
<p>Stocker D. (ed) (2016), Vernacular Architecture Group, Spring Conference 2016: Lincolnshire, March 29th to April 1st 2016, Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology.</p><br>
<p>Long Island is a long narrow island located in the inner portion of Placentia Bay. The longest axis of the island lies in a north-south direction. It is approximately 24 kilometers long and just over 3 kilometers at its widest point. Long Island along with Merasheen Island and Red Island make up the majority of the islands in Placentia Bay. Long Island is located approximately 22 kilometers northwest of Argentia. It is separated from Merasheen Island to the west by a 24 kilometer long channel that narrows to within 2.12 kilometers. Red Island is approximately 10 kilometers to the southwest of Long Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is currently an uninhabited island except for occasional visitors to resettled communities. The island had a number of communities which are all currently resettled. The communities were, Peaches Cove, Spencers Cove, Haystack, Kingwell, Port Royal (originally Mussell Harbour), Harbour Buffett and Coffin Cove.</p><br>
<p>The name Long Island is used to describe many islands in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador; there are at least 19 other islands that share the same name. The mainstay of the economy of the settlements of Long Island was the fishery.</p><br>
<p>The many coves and inlets that dotted its shores were given names of the early English and Irish settlers, names like Collett Cove, Hay Cove and Hennessey Cove, Kearney Head, Dicks Island and Isaac Island. The names of some of the uninhabited islands near Long Island were given characteristic names such as Bread and Cheese Islands to the north, Great Seal Island and Iron Island to the south, Dog Island off the eastern coast, and Barren Island to the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The largest settlement on Long Island was Harbour Buffett, located on the southern end of the island. It was the main centre for supplies and the location of fish merchants. There were no roads on Long Island and most of the communities were connected by paths. The communities on the northern end of the island; Spencers Cove, Haystack and Peaches Cove was separated by a 16 kilometer long path through wilderness to Harbour Buffett.</p><br>
<p>Merchants operating out of Harbour Buffett in the 1800s and 1900s were James Chambers, Thomas Hann and Freeman Wareham. Alberto Wareham operated an enterprise from Spencers Cove. The residents of Spencers Cove and Harbour Buffett were amongst the last settlements to resettle under the controversial resettlement program of the 1960s and 1970s.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s the entire population of the island had resettled to towns and villages on the mainland portions along Placentia Bay. The island then had reverted to its former role as a summer fishing base.</p><br>
<p>The Red Mill is a 4-story grist mill and historic site located along the south branch of the Raritan River in Clinton, New Jersey. It was built around 1810 as an industrial mill. It has served several roles, including a wool processing plant, a peach basket factory, and a textile mill. It is now a museum that is part of the Red Mill Museum Village, and is on the National Register of Historic Places under the name David McKinney Mill.</p><br>
<h2>Early history and ownership</h2><br>
<p>The Red Mill was built by Ralph Hunt in 1810, on land he had inherited from his father, Daniel, who had been an early landowner in Clinton and built the Stone Mill across the street in 1763 (now known as the Hunterdon Art Museum). It was in use as a wool processing plant for the first few years, although by 1820, the wool business had failed in the downturn for cloth. Eventually, Hunt&#39;s business failed, and he lost hundreds of acres on both sides of the Raritan River.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In 1964, James Marsh bought the mill and converted it to a museum 1965.</p><br>
<p>The mill is now the main building of the Red Mill Museum Village, located at 56 Main Street, Clinton, NJ, 08809. The 10-acre site includes the mill, 18th and 19th-century quarry village buildings and several historic buildings moved to the site, including an 1860 one-room schoolhouse and 19th-century carriage sheds.</p><br>
<p>The site also hosts the Black Potatoe Music Festival during July every year. Past acts have included The Smithereens and Edwin McCain.</p><br>
<p>Mästermyr is a, now mostly drained, mire west of Hemse on the island of Gotland, Sweden. The Mästermyr chest was found here in 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The area of the mire was originally 26.7 km&sup2, of which 3.2 km&sup2; consisted of small lakes. It was a significant habitat for water birds and the lakes were used for fishing. A suggestion about draining the mire was first presented in 1898. The mire was drained in 1902–10. Some of the lakes that dried up were Tunngansträsk, Storträsk, Nydträsk, Risalaträsk and Eskesträsk.</p><br>
<p>Just south of the mire is the Havor Iron Age hillfort. At the time it was built, the mire was still lakes and the fort was located on the shore of one of these. In 1961, an archaeological excavation of the hillfort lead to the discovery of the Havor hoard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As part of a national program for public works to reduce unemployment in 1920–21, a total of 22.5 km of roads were constructed at Mästermyr. By the 1930s, 12 km&sup2; of the former mire was cultivated.</p><br>
<p>On 21April 1940, a German aircraft Heinkel He 111 was forced to make an emergency landing at Mästermyr. It was one of three planes en route to bomb the Steinkjer – Trondheim railway in Norway. Due to cloudy weather they had to abort and return to Aalborg. The navigators had been given faulty information about the prevailing wind conditions and when they broke through the clouds, the planes were over Gotland instead of Skagerrak. Swedish air defence fired on the planes and two of them had to make emergency landings, one at Mästermyr and one at När. The third plane managed to escape and landed on Bornholm.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Swedish power company Vattenfall initiated a project to build a wind farm on Mästermyr. The plans were stopped through a decision made by the Swedish Land and Environment Court in July 2012.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 66 through Williams began as a dirt street in the center of town which was</p><br>
<p>later cindered and then paved. Despite some modern encroachments, most of USA Route 66</p><br>
<p>through Williams is lined with properties dating from the historic period. The four</p><br>
<p>block long Williams Historic Business District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 1984.</p><br>
<p>It is flanked on the east and west by a</p><br>
<p>commercial strip with motels, service stations, and restaurants dating to the 1920s,</p><br>
<p>1930s, and 1940s. One block of this commercial strip is west of the business</p><br>
<p>district, and four blocks are to the east. The distribution and construction dates</p><br>
<p>of these associated properties in Williams are directly related to construction of</p><br>
<p>USA Route 66.</p><br>
<p>Unlike many stretches of USA Route 66 today, it is a good example of what the highway "looked like" during its heyday.</p><br>
<p>Williams continues to cater to the tourist trade, although Interstate 40 bypassed</p><br>
<p>Route 66 on October 13, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Adams Gristmill Warehouse is a historic industrial building on Bridge Street in Bellows Falls, Vermont. Built about 1925 by Frank Adams & Co., proprietors of the Adams Gristmill, it is a well-preserved example of a functional railroad-related industrial warehouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Adams Gristmill Warehouse is set on the north side of Bridge Street in the eastern part of the island formed by the Connecticut River and the Bellows Falls Canal. It is a single-story shed-roofed structure, rectangular in shape, with its long axis oriented perpendicular to the road. It is set on sloping land, and only its eastern and southern facades are fully exposed, with clapboard and shiplap siding. The short northern and western walls are concrete block. The eastern facade is its principal one, with six bays that include a number of large freight entrances.</p><br>
<p>The warehouse was built about 1925 for Frank Adams & Co., who operated the Adams Gristmill (now home to the Bellows Falls Historical Society Museum) in central Bellows Falls. The building was served by a railroad spur (now inactive and paved over) and was used by the Adams mill to store flour and grain. The mill ceased operation in the 1960s, and the warehouse has since been adaptively repurposed by other industrial uses.</p><br>
<p>Railway Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 1 Station Road, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Alexander Brown Wilson and built in 1915 by J J Georges. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel at Gympie is a large, two-storeyed timber building constructed in 1915-1916 for owner Charles Caston. Designed by Brisbane architect AB Wilson, it replaced an earlier single-storey Railway Hotel erected in 1882 on the same site.</p><br>
<p>Gympie was established after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield put Queensland on the map as a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged.</p><br>
<p>The early makeshift structures of Gympie gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings. The township provided a ready market for local timbergetters and the growing number of agricultural producers in the surrounding district. By the end of the 1870s, an intensive phase of underground reef mining was underway, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees. During 1881, mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie.</p><br>
<p>The 1880s were an important period of expansion for railways in Queensland, with new lines opening throughout the state. The economic importance of Gympie&#39;s mining industry was the key factor in the approval of the construction of the railway line between the sea port of Maryborough and Gympie. The line was officially opened in August 1881, and soon became the dominant transport artery for the movement of goods and people in and out of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Gympie railway station, located between Tozer Hill and Caledonian Hill, was erected adjacent to land owned by Walter A Compigne, Gympie&#39;s first Clerk of Petty Sessions in 1868 and registrar of the Gympie District Court by 1874. In 1882 Compigne took advantage of this proximity to the station by constructing the Railway Hotel on his land.</p><br>
<p>As Queensland&#39;s railway system expanded, hotels joined other businesses in clustering around the rail stations. Use of the name "Railway Hotel" was common by the 1860s, a popular means of advertising proximity to the railway station. By the early twentieth century there were close to 70 "Railway Hotels" in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Compigne did not conduct the Railway Hotel himself, preferring to lease it to licensees. Following his death in 1884 the property passed to his wife Mary Ann, who continued leasing out the Railway Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 construction of the North Coast railway commenced simultaneously from Brisbane and Gympie. The southward extension resulted in further land resumptions, with the allotment on which the Railway Hotel stood being reduced in size. In May 1888, tenders were called for the removal of the Railway Hotel, possibly to reposition the hotel following the resumption.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie-Brisbane rail line was opened in 1891, linking a coastal route from Brisbane to Bundaberg. The extended scope of services from Gympie railway station generated more activity around the railway precinct. In 1892 title to the Railway Hotel and adjoining land was transferred to Charles Caston, a second generation Gympie mining secretary. The Caston family maintained an interest in the hotel for over 60 years. Caston continued to lease out the Railway Hotel.</p><br>
<p>On the night of 1 February 1915, the Railway Hotel was almost totally destroyed by fire, except for some detached rooms at the rear. In May tenders were advertised for the construction of a new Railway Hotel, designed by Brisbane architect Alexander Brown Wilson. After working in the private practice of Colonial Architect, FDG Stanley, and studying in England, Wilson began his own architectural practice in Brisbane in 1884, maintaining a long and distinguished career until his retirement in 1928. He was responsible for buildings in Brisbane such as the Plough Inn at South Bank, Kinauld at Highgate Hill and Leckhampton at Kangaroo Point.</p><br>
<p>Gympie builder JJ Georges was awarded the contract for the construction of the new hotel in June 1915 and this was completed by February 1916 at a cost of £1980. The new hotel was a large two-storey timber building with first floor verandahs and a double gabled roof with a detached kitchen to the rear. Wilson&#39;s design responded to the requirements of a subtropical timber hotel, providing well ventilated rooms with high ceilings and guests quarters that opened onto front and rear verandahs. The interiors of the building were enhanced by the inclusion of pressed metal ceilings. The exterior of the hotel shared similarities with popular domestic architecture in its decorative treatment of the verandah and gables. Two earlier detached rooms were repositioned at the rear of the premises. Between 1916 and 1920 Charles Caston held the license to the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s elevated position on a rise overlooking the station made it a prominent landmark in the city.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilding of the Railway Hotel coincided with a substantial upgrading to the Gympie railway station between 1911 and 1915. Crew barracks for overnight accommodation were built in 1914. Other work included a new large station building, pedestrian subway, an underpass linking Station Road to Mellor Street and conversion of the platform into an island. In 1915, a large overbridge was built from the island platform linking Lady Mary Terrace and Station Road. The new bridge was a welcome development for the Railway Hotel, with pedestrians alighting from the overbridge directly in front of the building.</p><br>
<p>The opening of the Mary Valley railway to Brooloo in 1915 and the connection between Cairns and Brisbane in 1924 sent more goods and people through Gympie. The Gympie district was the largest producer of bananas in Australia in the 1920s and an important pineapple growing area. Fruit trains began operating from Gympie to Melbourne and in 1923 the Gympie Fruit Growers Co-operative Association erected premises opposite the station on Tozer Street. The Wide Bay Co-operative Dairy Company also was located on Tozer Street and in 1925 built one of Australias largest butter factories. By 1927 one tenth of Queenslands milk production was from the Gympie district. The centrality of the railway precinct to Gympie&#39;s economy offered enhanced opportunities for the Railway Hotel to generate business.</p><br>
<p>In November 1928 newly formed Brisbane brewer Castlemaine Perkins Limited acquired an interest in the lease of the Railway Hotel from William English. The purchase of the leasehold by Castlemaine Perkins exemplified their practice of acquiring hotel freeholds and leases throughout Queensland. This process of vertical integration continued into the 1930s, ensuring the companies domination of the Queensland market.</p><br>
<p>A licensing inspection report from 1936 indicates the Railway Hotel&#39;s internal arrangement of space followed a layout typical of early twentieth century Queensland hotels. The first floor contained 12 guest bedrooms, a sitting room, one bathroom, two water closets and front and rear verandahs. On the ground floor were eight guest rooms, one sitting room, dining room, large kitchen, laundry, parlour, bar, and cellar. Four detached rooms at the rear of the premises were used by the publican and servants and a garage with space for two cars was available for guests. The Railway Hotel was a prosperous and well maintained place at this period. Used extensively by the travelling public and commercial travellers the hotel averaged fifty guests a week, mostly persons of "good character".</p><br>
<p>Castlemaine Perkins maintained an interest in the hotel until 1945, through leases and sub-leases to and from publicans. In 1953 the Caston family ended their association with the Railway Hotel and since that time a number of owners and publications have been involved in its management.</p><br>
<p>The public bar was enlarged in 1966, by incorporating the parlour bar at the far end from the street entrance. The dining room has been extended into the front sitting room and kitchen capacity has been expanded by widening the original walkway. The garage and detached rooms have been removed and in recent years a beer garden has been added at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>With the electrification of the North Coast railway line in 1989, a new railway station for Gympie was built east of the town. Since 1998, the original Gympie railway station has become an important tourist attraction for the city with the Mary Valley Heritage Railway operating steam train excursions through the Mary Valley. The Railway Hotel continues its role of providing drink, food and lodgings for visitors and locals. A regular local clientele drink at the public bar and a number of long-term residents occupy rooms on the first floor. Memorabilia throughout the building celebrates the hotel&#39;s long association with the railway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A prominent landmark standing on one of Gympie&#39;s hilltops, the Railway Hotel is a two-storeyed timber building on the corner of Station Road and Tozer Lane, Gympie. From this elevated site, adjacent to the former Gympie railway station, the hotel affords expansive views across Gympie and surrounding districts. A timber footbridge connects the hotel and the railway station.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel is a large rectangular building sheltered by a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron sheeting. The building faces northeast, is timber-framed, clad with chamferboards and stands on brick and concrete stumps on a sloping site. The front elevation is dominated by projecting end gable bays carrying panels with painted lettering RAILWAY (east bay) and HOTEL (west bay) below decorative battened, pressed metal gable infills. Verandahs to each level have weatherboard valances. The verandah to the first floor has stop- chamfered timber posts with long, elegant curved brackets and dowel and decorative panel balustrading. On the ground floor enclosed verandahs flank the main entrance. Double-hung sash windows shaded by timber awnings punctuate the side elevations.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor elevation is asymmetrical with an off-centre main entrance sheltered by a projecting gable roof crowned at the apex by a metal scroll finial. A set of low tiled concrete stairs rises to the timber floored entrance porch which is framed by oversized decorative brackets matching the pattern of the brackets to first floor verandah posts. A four-panelled timber entrance door with glazed sidelights and fanlights opens into the vestibule and a side door to the left opens onto the former sitting room off the dining room. A later metal ramp runs along the front from the west to alight at the porch. The public bar is accommodated within the east side of the building and is entered through doorways to the northeast recessed to each side of a bay window. The awning sheltering one of these entrances is recent. Northwest of the public bar, two low timber doors open from carpark level into the concrete and brick basement cellar.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor accommodates the entrance vestibule, managers office and private quarters, dining room and former sitting room, and public bar. The ground floor plan works off the entrance vestibule from which a fine timber stair rises to the guest accommodation on the first floor. From the vestibule, the dining room is entered to the left and the managers quarters/office to the right. The vestibule runs through to the rear verandah which accommodates toilets at each end. Partitions to the ground floor rooms are post and rail construction lined with vertical tongue and groove boards. All the public rooms, including the bay window space in the public bar, have decorative pressed metal ceilings, ceiling roses and cornices except the rear section of the public bar where the ceiling is lined with tongue and groove timber boards.</p><br>
<p>The dining room opens onto the service corridor to the rear, to the public bar through a door at the far east side of the room and receives service from the bar through an open hatch. The former lounge to the northeast of the dining room is enclosed with aluminium sliding doors and accommodates a billiard table.</p><br>
<p>The public bar is refurbished and incorporates the former parlour bar to the southeast. There is evidence of earlier partitions now removed and a window opening now infilled with vertical timber boards. Murals decorating the upper walls and bar fittings are recent.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is organised about a central corridor which is punctuated by arched openings and accommodates 12 bedrooms, a recreation room and two storage cupboards. Verandahs run to the front and rear, the narrow rear verandah accommodating bathrooms and toilets at each end. Short transverse corridors connect front and rear verandahs. The bedrooms open onto the corridor and the verandahs four- panel timber doors with fixed fretwork transom windows open onto the corridor and French windows with pivoting glazed fanlights open onto the verandahs. The partitions are of post and rail construction lined with vertical timber boards. The external walls are clad with chamferboards. The ceilings are lined with tongue and groove boards and have decorative metal ceiling roses. Double-hung sash windows terminate each end of the corridor and are installed in the end rooms.</p><br>
<p>Earlier gas light pipes and fittings remain to the upper and lower rear verandahs. Original door and window joinery and hardware remain throughout the building. The building has timber floors throughout except for the upper verandahs which are now sheeted with a thick fibre cement board. Fibre cement sheeting encloses the bathrooms to the northwest and the enclosed services corridor of the ground floor rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>A timber framed two-roomed rectangular building clad with chamferboards (some beaded to the interior), the kitchen/laundry wing stands to the rear of the main building. It is reached from the rear ground floor verandah through an enclosed service corridor and storage area. The roof to the kitchen/laundry is clad with corrugated metal sheeting with a gable to the north end and a hip to the south. A two- sided fireplace with a tall brick chimney stands to the centre. The fireplace is no longer operable and accommodates a contemporary stove within the north end. The kitchen fit-out is recent including the plasterboard lining. The laundry ceiling is lined with timber boards and has a decorative metal ceiling rose; the laundry walls are unlined.</p><br>
<p>A modern beer garden sheltered by a low pitched skillion roof stands to the northwest of the kitchen/laundry. This is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>A bitumen carpark slopes uphill towards the railway line forming a forecourt to the building. A concrete fence runs along the northeast side of the carpark from which terraced garden beds retained by battered stone and concrete walls fall to Station Road. The beds are planted with a range of shrubs and a set of concrete stairs rises within them.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Railway Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel at Gympie, constructed in 1915 on a site associated with a hotel since 1882, is important in demonstrating a significant pattern of urban development from the 1860s: the clustering of commercial premises in the vicinity of railway stations. The Railway Hotel at Gympie is an excellent illustration of this trend. The connectivity between the hotel and the railway station, due both to the close proximity and to the footbridge that emerges from the station in front of the hotel, is a particularly good illustration of the interdependence of commercial places (including hotels) and railways in moving and accommodating goods and people in Queensland prior to developments in road transportation. The hotel occupies a prominent and easily accessible position in relation to the former Gympie Railway Station, and for decades has offered accommodation to rail travellers and the provision of drink and food for visitors and locals.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the new Railway Hotel in 1915-1916 is associated with a period of significant growth in Gympie, during which services and facilities at Gympie Railway Station and precinct were expanded, closely linked to the increasing economic importance of the district&#39;s dairy and fruit industries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although some interior alterations, especially on the ground floor which contains the public spaces, can be expected in hotels that have sustained their function through many decades, the Railway Hotel at Gympie retains a high degree of integrity and intactness. It remains important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a large timber hotel of the early twentieth century, expressed in its form, exterior detail, and internal layout, fittings, fixtures and decorative detailing. High ceilings and verandahs illustrate a response to sub-tropical Queensland conditions, while the decorative elements on the verandah and gables reveal the influence of domestic forms on hotel architecture at this period. Internally, the place retains an early and fine timber staircase; extensive use of decorative pressed metal ceilings, ceiling roses and cornices in the public rooms on the ground floor; original door and window joinery and hardware; and a highly intact upper floor with early bedrooms opening off a central corridor. Earlier gas light pipes and fittings remain to the upper and lower rear veranda&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Situated on one of Gympies hills, the Railway Hotel is a prominent and well-known landmark in Gympie. The buildings position overlooking the train station and next to the platform footbridge, reinforces its connectivity to the railway while making a strong aesthetic contribution to the railway precinct and to the Gympie townscape.</p><br>
<p>Smithfield Chambers is a heritage-listed office building at 235 Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Leslie Gordon Corrie and built in the 1890s by William Anthony. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Smithfield Chambers, a two storey rendered brick building in Upper Mary Street Gympie, was built in 1895 for William Evan Thomas, mining secretary and sharebroker.</p><br>
<p>Gympie (initially called Nashville) was established after the discovery of gold in October 1867 by James Nash in the Upper Mary River district. The new goldfield put Queensland on the map as a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. By Christmas of 1867, according to the Gold Commissioner, the Gympie field had a population of 4,000 (or over 15,000 according to James Nash). Alluvial deposits were quickly exhausted and from 1868 shallow reef mining occurred.</p><br>
<p>As it evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, Gympie developed a distinctive character with an irregular street pattern amid a series of valleys and ridges. Development of roads within the township followed the terrain rather than adopting the standard grid pattern that was applied to townships surveyed for settlement, and consequently many roads run along ridgelines with linking roads across valleys and hillsides. Existing buildings and mining homestead leases were accommodated in the first survey of the township in April 1868. By the mid 1870s, the vicinity of Upper Mary Street and Channon St was dominated by government and financial institutions. The early makeshift structures of Gympie gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 1870s, an intensive phase of underground reef mining was underway, facilitated by the injection of share-holding capital into mining companies for machinery and employees. During the early 1880s, mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie. The increase in production led to an upsurge in company formation on a massive scale. This growth led to the 1884 formation of the Gympie Stock Exchange, specialising completely in providing facilities for the transfer of shares of mining companies. The presence of sharebrokers engaged in share trading at the Gympie Stock Exchange and of mining secretaries involved in the administration of mines were the natural consequence.</p><br>
<p>Mining secretaries ensured that the mining company they represented complied with relevant legislation and regulation, and they kept board members informed of their legal responsibilities. Mining secretaries were the company&#39;s named representative on legal documents, and it was their responsibility to ensure that the company and its directors operated within the law. It was also their responsibility to register and communicate with shareholders, to ensure that dividends were paid and company records maintained, such as lists of directors and shareholders, and annual accounts.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s and 1890s Gympie was Queenslands second and then third biggest gold producer (after Mount Morgan overtook it in 1887). During this period gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queensland export income. The influx of money and the resultant yield of gold at Gympie were reflected in the redevelopment of upper Mary Street during the 1880s and 1890s with substantial commercial buildings such as banks and company secretary and brokers offices. Several fires - in 1877, 1881 and 1891 - razed most of the earlier timber buildings in upper Mary Street and accelerated this transformation.</p><br>
<p>While major floods and the economic depression affected the Gympie goldfield in the early 1890s, a rapid expansion in mining activity occurred during 1894. At the end of 1893, 58 leases embraced an area of 892 acres (361ha) and 78,978 ounces (2.24 tonnes) of gold bullion was produced. By the end of 1894 there were 80 leases covering 1,354 acres (548ha) and 111,168 ounces of gold bullion (3.15 tonnes) was produced, the biggest year of production of the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>It was within this context of growth and prosperity that Smithfield Chambers was built in 1895 by William Evan Thomas, mining secretary and sharebroker. Thomas was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales in 1854. A builder by trade, Thomas arrived in Brisbane in 1885, where he started business as a building contractor before eventually working for Hall&#39;s Mercantile Agency. After visiting Gympie in the early 1890s, Thomas moved to the township and commenced business as a mining secretary and sharebroker. Although Thomas had no experience in gold mining he soon became a very successful operator, floating a number of new mines in the eastern portion of the goldfield, attracting investors from Australia and abroad. By the end of 1895 WE Thomas and Co. acted as secretaries for 28 of the 100 mining companies of Gympie, the largest provider of these services.</p><br>
<p>In November 1894 Thomas purchased freehold land adjoining Gympie&#39;s Stock Exchange from Matthew Mellor for £1,000 cash. At this time the site featured timber buildings occupied by a chemist and fruiterer, and mining brokers. Thomas engaged Brisbane architect Leslie Gordon Corrie to design a block of offices and shops. Born in Hobart in 1859, Corrie trained as an architect in Tasmania and worked in private practice and for government. In 1886, he established a private practice in Brisbane and was appointed architect to the Queensland Deposit Bank and Building Society. In 1888-1892 he was in partnership with his former master Henry Hunter. From 1898 to 1905 he was in partnership with GHM Addison as Addison and Corrie. Corrie was a foundation member and long-time councillor of the Queensland Institute of Architects, elected a fellow in 1889 and President from 1906-08.</p><br>
<p>Before construction Thomas had already decided on the name of the building - "Smithfield Chambers", in honour of one of Gympie&#39;s most successful early mines, the Smithfield which began operating in 1867. Corrie advertised for tenders to erect the building during February 1895. By early March, William Anthony, of Brisbane (builder of the 1888 Smellie and Co Warehouse in Brisbane) was awarded the building contract for £2,500, exclusive of the strong room and doors, with a requirement to have the work completed by July.</p><br>
<p>Thomas proposed internal layout for Smithfield Chambers was described in the Gympie Times in late 1894. On the ground floor there were two shops, one at either side, and the centre had a suite of offices facing the street on each side of the hall, with clerks rooms and a boardroom at the rear. On the first floor there was a suite of three offices on the eastern side, accessed by a separate staircase. The other side of the first floor was divided into five offices and a large boardroom. Each suite of offices was provided with a strong room (of the four strongrooms, three are still extant).</p><br>
<p>When completed, Smithfield Chambers, a two storey rendered brick building designed in a classical idiom was one of the largest and most prominent buildings on upper Mary Street. Thomas reinforced his commercial presence on the streetscape by prominently wording the parapet with "Smithfield Chambers" and "W.E. Thomas & Co., mining secretary". The building also included a first floor verandah and street awning. Among the earliest occupiers of the building were Mr J Nicholson, who operated as a tobacconist and hairdresser in one of the shop spaces, consulting engineer Brunel Kay and mining secretaries and agents Maxey and Moodie.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 Thomas sold Smithfield Chambers to JB Charlton, a stockbroker and in 1902 ownership passed to John Donovan, a mining speculator. Gold production in Queensland peaked in 1903, due largely to a final burst of production at Gympie, which was followed by a 60 percent decrease in production between 1903 and 1913 as the three major Queensland goldfields (Charters Towers, Gympie and Mount Morgan) declined simultaneously. The Gympie field passed through its most profitable period from 1901 to 1906 and in 1903 produced its peak annual output of 146,000 fine ounces (surpassing Mount Morgan that year). After 1906 the decline that began in 1904 accelerated and by 1925 the last of the big mines had ceased production, ending a 50-year phase of deep reef mining in Gympie.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 Charles Bright became owner of Smithfield Chambers. The buildings association with gold mining continued through its occupation by Gympies Stock Exchange Club. The Club had moved into Smithfield Chambers from the Australian Joint Stock Bank building opposite in 1923, which had been used as the Stock Exchange from 1902-1922. The club initially used the ground floor, and their premises consisted of a bar, reading room, three card rooms and two offices in 1937. During the early 1930s the Gympie branch of the Country Women&#39;s Association held their meetings at the chambers. The top floor was occupied by spirit merchants in 1957, and in 1958 the Stock Exchange Club took over three rooms on the first floor for a library, reading room and dinette. The club closed in 1963, and in 1964 Jack Cartwright, of Power and Cartwright solicitors, purchased the building. Power and Power, the firm predating Power and Cartwright, may have operated from the building from the 1950s. A photo from 1973 shows that the verandah had been removed by this time and John McCarthy Real Estate occupied the shop space to the left of the building. The current office fit-out dates from the 1970s, when an internal light well at the centre of the building was enclosed, and an awning replaced the verandah (post-1973).</p><br>
<p>The rear yard of the building, which is level with the rear of first floor, contains the remains of a brick stable on the northwest side, and a rendered brick earth closet block, with eight cubicles and an access lane to the rear. While no documentary evidence has confirmed LG Corrie as the architect of the block, Corrie is known to have had a particular interest in sanitation, as Mayor of Brisbane in 1901 and as a lecturer in sanitary engineering in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The Gympie Municipal Council first introduced by-laws relating to the erection and maintenance of earth closets in 1883. Initially only certain areas of the municipality (including Mary Street) were required to conform to provisions. In areas where earth closets were made mandatory, pit systems were filled in and existing toilets were required to be rebuilt or altered. Each earth closet was fitted with a box or other vessel "for the reception of nightsoil or other filth" and placed conveniently for removal. Earth closets were also required to be furnished with "a suitable receptacle for the storage of a quantity of dry earth for deodorising purposes". People engaged in the removal of nightsoil were required to pay an annual license fee and could only operate between eleven at night to five in the morning. From 1885 the council operated its own nightsoil service. By 1894 the whole of the municipality was under the provisions of the by-laws. In 1895, the by-laws were further extended and every nightman was required to keep a register of all premises visited, to be submitted monthly to the council inspector. Nightsoil service charges at this time were one shilling and six pence for a single pan and one shilling and three pence for additional pans.</p><br>
<p>Smithfield Chambers is still used by Power and Cartwright. The ground floor, including the former shop spaces, is used as offices, and the first floor is only partially utilised. The two staircases from the street level to the first floor still exist, although only the northwest one is in use. A large space at the centre rear of the first floor has been partitioned. There are still two strong rooms on the ground floor, and one on the first floor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>An austere, two storey, rendered brick building in a classical idiom, Smithfield Chambers stands prominently on a sloping site to the northeast side of upper Mary Street, Gympie. Stables and a row of earth closets stand to the rear of the property.</p><br>
<p>The rendered and painted front elevation is symmetrical about a central bay which at street level comprises a recessed main entrance with splayed reveals forming a shallow porch opening into the offices beyond. The entrance, now housing a set of modern steel framed doors, is flanked by sash windows with projecting moulded sills and chamfered surrounds enriched with roll mouldings. Pairs of narrow, cricket bat panelled timber doors are to each side of the sash windows and the former shop fronts to the outer bays are now infilled with fixed glass lights to the uphill side and glazed sliding doors to the downhill. At the upper level the five bays, defined by pilasters, are punctuated by window openings to the offices and stairwells beyond. Unified by the depressed arched window heads running level, the four larger openings each housing three hopper windows mark the offices and two smaller full pane sash windows mark the stairwells. A heavy projecting cornice crowns the pilasters below a blank parapet screen bearing the wording "erected / & co. / Smithfield Chambers / Ltd / A.D. 1896". This is topped by a central decorative gable panel bearing the wording "W.E. Thomas" below a floral enrichment. A suspended metal awning extends over the footpath.</p><br>
<p>At the rear the building sits within the excavated hillside retained by a rendered masonry wall framing narrow passageways to the sides and rear of the building. The stepped rear elevation is dominated by the projecting, curved roof steel framed balcony to the middle of the upper level. The upper and lower levels are punctuated by timber doors with fanlights and full pane sash windows. The blank southeast and northwest elevations, step back at the rear accommodating a narrowing of the building footprint.</p><br>
<p>Rectangular in plan, the building is laid out around a small two storey light well, accommodating office suites around the light well and shops to the outer edges. The light well is now enclosed but perimeter walls survive with elements including sash windows to the northwest and an arched opening to the northeast at the ground floor and sash windows opening from the boardroom and front and side offices on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor accommodates offices to the middle separated from the former shop spaces by stairwells rising to the upper level. The light well separates the front offices, now open plan, from the rear offices which are partitioned off a central corridor. A substantial strong room, notable for its heavy metal door and concrete floor, stands to the east corner and a smaller strong room is accommodated beneath the southeast stairwell. The two roomed shop spaces are rectangular in plan, the northwest now partitioned into offices. Both shops have rear doors exiting to the narrow passageways to the sides of the building. An acoustic tile ceiling has been inserted throughout the ground floor. A recent concrete block extension accommodating toilets stands to the rear on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The first floor accommodates two suites of offices. The suite to the southeast consists of two offices and a strong room working off a corridor accessed from the dedicated stair from Mary Street. This strong room is also notable for its heavy metal door and concrete floor. The office suite to the northwest comprises two rooms to Mary Street and three rooms along the northwest side working off the corridor arrived at from the stair from Mary Street. This corridor runs to the boardroom extending across the rear with a small room opening off to the west corner. On the first floor, internal masonry walls are plastered and room partitions are timber framed and lined, some also have panels of opaque textured glazing. Ceilings are lined with tongue and groove timber boards, have moulded timber cornices and decorative ceiling roses. Original cedar door and window joinery, skirtings and architraves survive throughout. The boardroom is notable for its joinery including the painted French windows with fanlight to the balcony flanked by large full pane varnished cedar sash windows and full pane sash windows to the former light well to the southwest. This room now has a lower plain plaster ceiling and a three-quarter height partition to the southeast. The hopper windows to the Mary Street side offices do not have internal sills, reflecting the removal of earlier French windows to these openings.</p><br>
<p>A small metal framed bridge travels from the rear balcony over the retaining wall to a grassed rear yard which accommodates stables to the northwest side and a row of earth closets to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Open to the front, the stables have perimeter brick walls to three sides, rendered to the exterior and face brick to the interior. Semi- circular fixed timber louvred openings run along the northeast wall and a line of rectangular fixed timber louvres runs along the upper northwest wall. The timber framing and cladding of the four bay structure are generally in a state of collapse. The end bays have timber floors supported by timber stumps, the middle bays have timber framed and lined partitions to an earth floor, some roof framing and corrugated iron roof cladding remain.</p><br>
<p>Built on sloping ground with the cubicles stepping down, the eight earth closets are enclosed by three perimeter brick walls with rendered brick exteriors and painted brick interiors. The cubicles are sheltered by a skillion roof clad with corrugated iron and have rectangular fixed timber louvred windows with sills to the upper part of the northeast wall. The lower openings to this wall have small timber doors providing access to the pans. Some cubicles retain timber boxes and all retain timber doors.</p><br>
<p>The easement from Nash Street gives access to the rear of the earth closets and stables. There are a number of self-sown trees and the ground to the easement path and yard is uneven.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Smithfield Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Smithfield Chambers is important in demonstrating the evolution of gold mining at Gympie, a major contributor to the wealth of Queensland for approximately 60 years from 1867. As Gympie gold production shifted from shallow to deep reef mining from the mid-1870s, this change was reflected in the erection of more permanent and elaborate buildings in the town centre. The building illustrates the growth, wealth and confidence of the Gympie goldfield in the 1890s. For nearly 70 years the building was intimately associated with the mining industry - from its earliest function of accommodating mining secretaries to the housing of the Gympie Stock Exchange Club from 1923 to 1963.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The row of earth closets to the rear of Smithfield Chambers is important as a rare surviving example of an early sanitary system that was once common but is now obsolete.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Designed to stand prominently in the commercial district of a booming gold mining town and retaining major design elements, including discreet office suites, boardroom, strong rooms, stables and earth closets, Smithfield Chambers is important in illustrating the layout and operation of a mining secretaries&#39; building.</p><br>
<p>The row of earth closets to Smithfield Chambers is a fine example of this type of sanitary facility, demonstrated by its layout and siting, and in its retention of major design elements including discreet cubicles with pan service doors, boxes and a service easement.</p><br>
<p>Gympie and Widgee War Memorial Gates is a heritage-listed memorial at Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. The gates provide an entranceway on Mary Street  through to the Gympie Memorial Park in Reef Street. The gates were designed by George Rae and built in 1920 by A L Petrie & Son. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gympie War Memorial Gates were unveiled in 1920 by Edward, Prince of Wales. The gates were designed by George Rae, of Brisbane. Monumental masonry firm A L Petrie and Son of Toowong undertook the stonework whilst an unknown local blacksmith produced the ironwork. The memorial honours the 167 local men who fell in the First World War and the two who fell in the Boer War. The gates were unveiled on 3 August 1920.</p><br>
<p>The township of Gympie was established after the discovery of gold by James Nash in 1867. This was the beginning of the first large goldrush in Queensland, and the town developed to support and supply the prospectors who came to the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 the Queensland Institute of Architects held a design competition for a memorial on behalf of the Gympie and Widgee District Soldiers&#39; Memorial Fund. George Rae, then a young draftsman in the Brisbane office of Lange Powell won the competition. He also won the competition for the design of the Toowong War Memorial in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>George Rae was born in Glasgow, Scotland and arrived in Brisbane in 1914. Between 1919 and 1922, he was articled to architect L L Powell. He left to travel to Sydney and worked as a draftsman in various offices until 1924. Whilst in Sydney, he studied at Sydney Technical College and also with Professor Leslie Wilkinson. Returning to Brisbane in 1924, he again worked with L L Powell, firstly as chief draftsman and then as an associate. He became a registered architect in Queensland in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The masons, A L Petrie and Son were the largest monumental masonry firm in Queensland at this time and were responsible for many First World War memorials throughout the state.</p><br>
<p>The Henderson family donated their Union saw mill site for the Gympie Memorial Park and additional land was acquired at a later date. One of the objections was that the memorial park site was not on Mary Street, the main street of Gympie, but on the street behind it, Reef Street. So the Hendersons also donated land with a 31 ft (9.45m) frontage from Mary Street through to Reef Street to create a passageway to the memorial park. The memorial gates stand on Mary Street at the entrance to the passageway.</p><br>
<p>The cost for the gates was £800 and although the memorial was for the whole of the Widgee Shire, the funds were raised primarily by public subscription and the Gympie City Council.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60 000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First World War Memorial Gates are situated in Mary Street, Gympie. They are located at the entrance to a block of land which stretches from Mary Street to Reef Street. The gates are flanked by a hotel on one side and a shop on the other, forming a walkway to the Gympie Memorial Park behind. The area between the two buildings is paved with planting down each side. Brick toilet blocks are located at the Reef Street end.</p><br>
<p>The Gates comprise two large and two small sandstone pillars with wrought iron swing gates and a wrought iron ornamental arch supporting a central lantern. An identical set of the smaller pillars are located in the walkway behind, also with an ornamental arch and lantern.</p><br>
<p>The inner pair of pillars on the main gate are larger than the outer pair, however all four pillars have the same basic structure with differences in detailing.</p><br>
<p>All pillars sit on a substantial plinth capped by a torus moulding. From this rises a shaft of banded sandstone which culminates in a stepped element. The entire front face of the pillar projects slightly forward.</p><br>
<p>The outer pillars are each surmounted by stylised eternal flame finials of sandstone. The front faces bear sandstone plaques with the words The Great War and appropriate dates on the western side and The Boer War and appropriate dates on the eastern side. The lower sides of each plaque is embellished with relief carved festoons of tropical fruit.</p><br>
<p>The inner pillars are the same standard design as the outer pillars, but at a larger scale. They are surmounted by large urns, draped with swags. The front faces display marble plaques with leaded names of the local Fallen Heroes from the Boer and First World Wars. Above each plate are relief carved laurel wreaths with drapery behind. At the foot of the western pillar is a marble plaque with an inscription to the memory of the fallen.</p><br>
<p>Green painted wrought iron swing gates allow vehicular traffic between the inner pillars and pedestrian traffic between these and the outer pillars. The gates have central arches at the top and simple decorative elements. Connecting the two inner pillars is an ornamental archway comprising scrollwork and scalloping and two flat plates. On one plate is the word Gympie, while on the other is the word Widgee. A decorative lantern is located at the centrepoint of the arch.</p><br>
<p>Located behind the main gates is a second set of pillars, similar in design to the main outer pillars. The front faces bear marble plaques with the leaded names of the locals men who served in the Vietnam and Second World Wars. They are joined by the same decorative arch as the front pillars and have the words Lest We Forget on the flat plates. A lantern also hangs from the centrepoint.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gympie and Widgee War Memorial Gates was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>This particular memorial is rare as it also commemorates those who fell in the Boer War.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>Unveiled in 1920, the Memorial at Gympie demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As part of the Memorial Park, the Memorial Gates contribute to the aesthetic qualities of the townscape. They are also of aesthetic significance for their high degree of workmanship and design.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Gates have a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>They also have special association with Brisbane architect George Rae as an early example of his work, and with Brisbane masonry firm, A L Petrie and Son.</p><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Roman Catholic Church is a heritage-listed church at Church Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1883 to 1935. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 February 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Church was constructed on Calton Hill in Gympie from 1883 to 1887, by the Roman Catholic Church. It was the third permanent church constructed in the town for the Catholic community on or near this site. The building was designed by the prominent Brisbane architect, FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>The first Catholic mass was celebrated in Gympie in February 1868, in the Brisbane Hotel, by Father Tissot. The following month, Father Matthew Horan arrived on the newly established goldfields and assumed his position as parish priest, which he held until his death in 1923. Upon his arrival, Father Horan pitched a tent on Calton Hill to celebrate mass, beginning the long Catholic domination of the site. Tenders appeared in the Nashville Times on 18 March 1868, for the construction of a permanent church building. This timber building was ready for use by the end of 1868, but lasted only four years due to the damaging effects of weathering and white ants. Some of the land at Calton Hill was donated to the church by local residents including Patrick Lillis, and other land was bought at auction.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 a second church was constructed of hardwood, and opened by Rev Dr James O&#39;Quinn, Bishop of Queensland. Despite the later addition of side aisles, the hardwood church was regarded as inadequate for the growing Catholic congregation and another building was planned reflecting the importance of the church in the community. In 1879 a Catholic school was established on land nearby, when the Sisters of Mercy arrived in Gympie. Plans for the new church were prepared by well known Brisbane architect, FDG Stanley, and a local builder William Streeton and presented to the newly appointed Bishop Robert Dunne in 1881. Plans shown to the bishop were prepared for both a stone and brick church costing £3800 and £3000 respectively, and from these Dunne decided to proceed with a stone church.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Dunne officiated at a ceremony on January 28, 1883, to lay the foundation stone at St Patricks. Subscription lists were opened for the funding of the construction and donations by the end of the day totalled £1200. On September 19, 1883, the tender of J Smith and Co was accepted to supply the material and build the church for a sum of £3591. Construction of St Patricks took place over the next four years, firstly by the original contractors, then by Messrs Peter and George Duckworth. At about the time of this changeover the southern wall of the church collapsed in a strong wind. The joinery and seating was undertaken by local carpenter, William Condon. An organ worth £500 and a marble altar also worth £500 which was donated by Mr James Fitzpatrick, a successful mining pioneer in the area, were features of the new building.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1887, St Patricks Church was opened by Rev. Robert Dunne who had become the first Archbishop of Queensland. The church was built at a final cost of around £10,000. At the opening, St Patricks Church, which was built to accommodate 950, was crowded with 1400 people who paid to attend the service. The church was described as a landmark for many miles around due to its elevated position, its great height, its pure white stone walls and its well-cut lines. St Patricks was rectangular in plan, though was designed to accommodate the later addition of transepts. It was originally built with corrugated iron roof sheeting with small ventilation gablets lining the roof. When St Patricks opened, other churches in Gympie included a timber Presbyterian church on Red Hill, a timber Weslyan Methodist Church on Surface Hill which was replaced in the 1890s by a large brick church, and a small Church of England on Palatine Hill, also replaced by a large brick church in 1888.</p><br>
<p>St Patricks Church continued to grow under the care of Father Horan; an organ gallery, designed by Hugo Durietz was added in 1896. Upon Horans death on July 6, 1923, Dean Michael OFlynn became the new parish priest. OFlynn immediately began arrangements for the completion of the east end of the church. Brisbane architects, Cavanagh and Cavanagh, were commissioned to design the completion of the southern end, parts of which had been stopped with metal sheeting until this time. The extension included a polygonal chancel and flanking this, two smaller polygonal rooms used as the vestry and the sanctuary. The tender of Mr Brittam, for an amount of £1790 was accepted by September 8, 1924 and the work was finished in 1925. The following year work was completed on the adjacent brick presbytery, which replaced an earlier timber building.</p><br>
<p>On April 14, 1929 Archbishop James Duhig dedicated newly installed stained glass windows placed where in the gables where the transepts were to have been extended. These windows were dedicated to the remembrance of the Catholic Emancipation and in particular to a key figure in the struggle, Daniel O&#39;Connell. Duhig also laid the foundation stone for the new convent, commemorating the centenary of the Sisters of Mercy and the Jubilee of their arrival in Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Father OFlynn remained at St Patricks until his death in 1935, when he was replaced by Monsignor Timothy Malony. Malony undertook vast improvements to the grounds, including paving and lawns around the church, and the construction of broad steps to the church. In 1951, the new parish priest Monsignor David Dee, concerned with the lack of accommodation at St Patrick&#39;s, established a new Catholic church in northern Gympie, diminishing the large congregation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Roman Catholic Church is a substantial sandstone building on Calton Hill, a prominent site in Gympie. It is surrounded by concrete paving, and established lawns and gardens. There is a timber-framed bell tower on the lawns to the east of the church.</p><br>
<p>The church has a rectangular plan, featuring a clerestoried five bay nave and side aisles, with an additional unextended transept bay. The church features a polygonal chancel and two smaller polygonal rooms on the southern end used as a vestry and a sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of rock-faced sandstone laid in courses of random sized blocks, with elements such as quoining, continuous moulding beneath the gutter, plinth course and string courses chiselled smooth. The building has a plinth of larger rock-faced sandstone blocks. The angle buttressing is sandstone with wide chiselled edges. The southern end of the church, including the transept gables, diagonal buttressing, chancel, vestry and sanctuary is constructed of bricks with an inscribed render, imitating ashlar stonework. Generally the church has pointed arch windows with geometric stone tracery.</p><br>
<p>The steeply pitched gabled roof has Marseilles pattern interlocking terracotta tiles, with matching ridge capping. Gables are found on the southern end of the east and west walls, where transepts were to begin. Featured on each of the gables is a large pointed arch stained glass window, integrating many smaller lights with geometric tracery.</p><br>
<p>The western wall features a portal entrance framed by a ribbed pointed archway. Pointed arch windows flank the portal and feature hood mouldings, which are integrated with a string course. Above the entrance is a large three arched window, incorporating four lancet lights and geometric tracery. At the highest point of the gable is a small inverted eyelet window. Pointed arch windows are found on the southern and northern walls, defining the internal bays. The clerestory windows use the quatrefoil motif, to frame brightly coloured stained glass in simple geometric patterns.</p><br>
<p>Internally, round sandstone piers supporting pointed arches, form arcades which define the nave and aisles of the church. Slender engaged columns extend upward from the piers to support a variation of hammer-beam timber roof trusses, strengthened with brackets of decorative joinery. The ceiling is diagonally boarded, tongue and groove, v-jointed timber.</p><br>
<p>A pointed chancel arch, opens onto the chancel which has a faceted dome ceiling, which is painted with religious scenes. The chancel features a marble altar, accessed via two marble stairs, and a small stained glass rose window of the Holy Family.</p><br>
<p>The organ gallery at the west end of the church is supported on slender round columns with prominent stylised Doric capitals. The organ is inscribed with Richard Heslop 16 Burma Rd London. Timber-framed Stations of the Cross line the walls of the side aisles. Many of the stained glass windows bear plaques with details of the person who donated them.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Roman Catholic Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 February 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Patrick&#39;s Church, erected 1883-87, is a substantial sandstone building which is important in demonstrating the rapid growth of Gympie in the 1880s, as a result of the prosperity of the gold fields.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Patricks is a good example of church architecture practiced in the 1880s, influenced by Gothic revival styles and of the ecclesiastical work of the prominent Queensland architect, FDG Stanley. It has a number of elements demonstrating high quality craftsmanship including the marble altar, the organ, joinery, stone masonry and stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Patricks is a good example of church architecture practiced in the 1880s, influenced by Gothic revival styles and of the ecclesiastical work of the prominent Queensland architect, FDG Stanley. It has a number of elements demonstrating high quality craftsmanship including the marble altar, the organ, joinery, stone masonry and stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The church has been an outstanding landmark in Gympie since its opening in 1887, as a large imposing building constructed on a prominent site. It was the first substantial masonry church in Gympie and served as the model for subsequent churches in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The church demonstrates the spread of the Catholic Church in regional Queensland. It has a long association with the Catholic community in Gympie and reflects the development of Catholicism in the area.</p><br>
<p>Queensland National Bank is a heritage-listed former bank and former town hall at the corner of Channon Street and Nash Streets, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Richard Hall and Claude William Chambers and built from 1876 to 1877 by Andrew Collins. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-storey masonry former Queensland National Bank (QNB) and residence is located on the corner of Channon and Nash Streets, Gympie. It was designed by architect John Richard Hall in 1875 and opened in February 1877. Extensions designed by architect Claude Chambers were made in 1898. The bank served its original function until 1937.</p><br>
<p>Gympie (initially known as Nashville) was established after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield turned Queensland into a significant gold producer and contributed much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged. In a year the alluvial gold had been exhausted and shallow reef mining commenced. With the change to deep reef mining from 1875, came the need for extensive capital investment through the formation of companies using foreign as well as local capital. During 1881, mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie as an intensive phase of underground reef mining began, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees.</p><br>
<p>As Gympie evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, it developed a distinctive character with an irregular street pattern amid a series of valleys and ridges. Consequently, many roads run along ridgelines (such as Channon Street) with linking roads across valleys and hillsides (as does Nash Street). Gradually the early makeshift structures of 1860s Gympie gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings, including government buildings on Channon Street from the mid 1870s. A series of fires in Mary Street in 1877, 1881, 1891, 1929 and 1946 razed many of Gympie&#39;s early buildings, but left the QNB building untouched. Other extant early buildings are the former Gympie Court House and Lands Office (1876) and the first Masonic Hall in Duke Street (1869).</p><br>
<p>The Queensland National Bank was the first and most successful of Queenslands three indigenous 19th century banks. As the colonys most powerful banking institution, the QNB dominated the Queensland economy. It was established in March 1872 by an influential group of prominent Queensland squatters, politicians, lawyers, and businessmen who wished to secure development capital free from overseas or inter-colonial control. It commenced trading on 3 June 1872 at its first office in Brisbane. The bank attracted widespread Queensland patronage and branches opened in quick succession. By early in 1874 the bank had 10 branches. In 1878 the Queensland National Bank opened a branch in London, while one in Sydney opened two years later. In September 1879 Thomas McIlwraith (Queensland Premier 1877-83, 1888, 1893), a director of the QNB, persuaded Queensland Parliament to confer on it the whole of the Queensland Governments banking business. By 1880 the bank held 40% of the total deposits and advances in Queensland, a higher proportion than any other bank in any Australian colony. Despite financial scandals and a brief suspension of operation during the 1890s the bank exclusively held the governments account for 42 years, until 1921.</p><br>
<p>A branch of the Queensland National Bank opened in Gympie on 11 December 1872, within six months of the bank commencing operation. In its first 21 days of trading the Gympie branch purchased 6,095 ounces of gold and in the first seven years of trading it handled 142,000 ounces of gold. By 1890 the QNB had 14 branches on the Queensland mining fields. Charters Towers and Gympie were the premier mining branches transacting more than half of the bank&#39;s mining business. Their aggregate deposits and advances exceeded £0.5 million making them highly profitable branches.</p><br>
<p>Mainly due to Queenslands three major gold mining centres - Gympie, Charters Towers and Mount Morgan - gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queenslands export income during the 1880s and 1890s. The value of gold output rose from £698,000 in 1883 to £2.75m in 1889, exceeding the value of exported wool. These enormous amounts of gold were purchased by banks such as the Queensland National Bank, which played a vital role in this process of wealth creation and distribution.</p><br>
<p>The architect for the Gympie branch of the Queensland National Bank and many of its other branches throughout the colony from 1872 was John Richard Hall (1835-83). Born and trained as an architect in England he migrated to the colonies by 1857. On 23 December 1859 Hall was appointed a foreman of works in the Queensland Colonial Architects Office, but in the following May was made redundant. By 1864 Hall had begun private practice as an architect in Brisbane but little of his earliest work can be identified. From 1866 to 1872 he was Assessor for Brisbanes North Ward and in 1866 he was runner-up in a design competition for an engine house for the Citizens Volunteer Fire Brigade. In 1868 he was appointed as a licensed surveyor in Queensland and took over superintending the outstanding work of Benjamin Backhouse, especially the completion of the Brisbane Grammar School (demolished 1911). As a private architect, Hall designed fine buildings throughout Queensland, including buildings for the Queensland National Bank; Maryborough Boys Grammar School (1881); residences including "Greylands", "Langlands" and Pahroombin&#39;; commercial projects; churches; and hotels.</p><br>
<p>Hall designed the QNBs Gympie bank building in 1875 and construction took place in the following year, on the site of the banks previous timber building, which was moved to the rear of the new building and used as part of the residence.</p><br>
<p>The task of supervising the building of the Gympie branch of the QNB and residence was undertaken by local Gympie architect Hugo Durietz. The new building was mainly of brick with stone foundations and the old timber premises were attached at the rear as part of the manager&#39;s residence. Andrew Collins was appointed as the builder after his tender of £1,500 was accepted. The total cost of the building, opened in February 1877, was £2,495/13/9.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 alterations to the Queensland National Bank building in Gympie were made by architect Claude William Chambers. These widened the bank on the western side of the Channon Street elevation to accommodate the accountant, clerks and a strong room. A site plan shows the extended bank building and the location of its outbuildings on the large block of land in relation to the building. The stables and buggy shed with feed room were located along Nash Street 65 feet (19.81 m) from the nearest point of the building. A water closet was located 42 feet (12.8 m) from the nearest point of the building to the south-east of the residence and a second lavatory was located 19 feet (5.79 m) to the south-west of the bank building along Channon Street.</p><br>
<p>Architect C W Chambers (1861-1947) was born and educated in Melbourne and worked in both Melbourne and Sydney before coming to Brisbane in November 1885 to work for FDG Stanley. He assisted with the plans for St Pauls Presbyterian Church, Robert Harper and Co.s mills and D L Brown and Co.s new warehouse in Brisbane; was honorary architect to the Brisbane gymnasium and in 1885 was instrumental in founding the Queensland Institute of Architects. In March 1889 Chambers joined the Sydney architects A L & G McCredie as their Brisbane partner, forming McCredie Bros and Chambers. He supervised the firms new AUSN offices (Naldham House) and in December 1889 produced the firms winning entry in a design competition for Brisbanes Trades and Labour Hall. After the partnership ended on 1 February 1893, Chambers practised in his own right as an architect and consulting engineer in Brisbane and supervised the Burns, Philp and Co Offices in Townsville for the McCredie Brothers architects.</p><br>
<p>His practice was one of Brisbanes largest in the early 20th century. His major works include "Drysllwyn" (later Raymont Lodge&#39;) home of Gympie magnate, William Davies; "Ross Roy", Indooroopilly; additions to the Commercial Travellers Association Club, Elizabeth Street (1898); "The Big Block" for Finney Isles, Queen Street (1908–10) and Perry House, corner of Albert and Elizabeth Streets, (1910–13). After entering partnership with Lange Powell in 1911 as Chambers and Powell, he moved to Sydney in 1915. From 1920 to 1935 Chambers formed another Brisbane partnership with E M Ford as Chambers and Ford and practised in Sydney from 1931 to 1934 with a pioneer woman architect from Queensland, Beatrice May Hutton (1893-1990).</p><br>
<p>After the turn of the century the towns key function changed from gold mining to service town for the surrounding dairy and fruit- growing district. Accordingly, the QNB turned to commerce and agriculture to provide the Gympie branchs business. Over time the commercial centre of the town moved eastward down Mary Street in response to commercial activity centering upon the railway station. As a result, the QNB Board sanctioned the purchase of premises at the corner of Mary and Monkland Streets in 1937 for its operations and approved the sale of the Channon Street bank premises. In the following year it was sold. The building was used by industrial service businesses until its purchase by the Widgee Shire Council in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of the former Queensland National Bank building by the Widgee Shire Council took place in 2000 after the shire council received funding under the Federation Community Projects Program for restoration of the building. The project was described as "architecturally sensitive restoration works on a culturally significant building". The work included reinstatement of the front and side verandahs that had been removed decades previously; repairs to the rear verandah, flooring, stumps, joists, windows, plaster and roof; repair and upgrading of electrical and plumbing installations and toilet facilities; polishing selected floors and laying floor coverings; and painting the building internally and externally.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank building served as Widgee Shire Council chambers (later the Cooloola Shire Council chambers) for a number of years, but, after the shire was amalgamated into the Gympie Region in 2008, the building was used as office space by the Gympie Regional Council.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank, a single storey rendered masonry building, stands to the corner of Channon and Nash Streets, Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Sheltered by a hipped roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting the building, at street level to the north corner, is supported on concrete stumps and stone retaining walls accommodating the slope of the site south and southwest down to Mary Street. Three rendered masonry chimney stacks rise from rooms on the eastern side. Decorative paired timber roof brackets interspersed with rectangular moulded concrete indents run around the building under the main roof. A reconstructed timber floored verandah runs around the northeast and northwest sides, sheltered by a concave roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The main elevation faces northwest onto Channon Street and is asymmetrical about the main entrance which is marked by the projecting gable roof entrance within the concave verandah roof. The elevation is punctuated by large full pane sash windows one to the east and three to the west of the entrance, a two leaf timber door with an arched fixed light fanlight over. Plain painted concrete sills with stark moulded brackets project beneath the windows.</p><br>
<p>The northeast elevation to Nash Street is punctuated by a run of openings - a set of French windows and entrance to the former residence to the south end and a line of four large sash windows to the north matching those of the main elevation. The blank southwest elevation is partly obscured by the recent small hipped roof, weatherboard clad extension accommodating an entry porch and toilets. The southeast elevation accommodates two large sash windows with concrete sills and is supported on a random course stone wall base.</p><br>
<p>L-shaped in plan, the building accommodates the former bank in the northwest wing and the former managers residence in the southeast wing. The bank wing is rectangular in plan and accommodates the banking chamber, accountant/clerks office, strong room, managers office and stationery room. Entered from the main entrance on Channon Street, the banking chamber is distinguished by a decorative pressed metal ceiling and cornice. Two flattened archways with prominent decorative keystones to the southwest mark the extent of the 1876 chamber beyond which is the accountant and clerks area also defined by a pressed metal ceiling and cornice matching that in the main banking chamber. A strong room stands to the southern corner of this space. The heavy metal door to the strong room has a makers mark - John N Tann&#39;s Reliance Door - stamped on the front.</p><br>
<p>The former managers office stands to the northern corner of the building and opens into the banking chamber to the southwest and the stationery room to the southeast which in turn opens to the former residence behind. The managers office is notable for a fine decorative pressed metal ceiling and accommodates a fireplace with a decorative timber surround.</p><br>
<p>Square in plan, the core of the residence survives to the southeast of the bank. Four rooms are organised off a central hall which narrows halfway along. The main entrance to Nash Street is a four-panel timber door with sidelights and fanlights. Both front rooms have fireplaces with carved timber surrounds. Ceilings throughout the residence are plastered and plain with no cornices. The remnant of a gas light fitting remains in the room to the northwest of the entrance hall. Recent reconstruction and renovation work includes new door and window joinery and light fittings, however, original skirtings, architraves, fanlights, and door and window joinery and hardware survive. A pine floor runs throughout, polished in some areas and covered with carpet in others.</p><br>
<p>A bitumened carpark stands to the southwest and southeast of the building. The shed to the south-east on Lot 1 is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank (QNB) building (1877)-and the important gold-era precinct of which it is a part-is physical evidence of the vital role of financial institutions in the process of wealth creation and distribution on Queensland goldfields as it converted enormous amounts of gold into cash. Gympie&#39;s gold was a major contributor to the wealth of Queensland for approximately 60 years from 1867.</p><br>
<p>The former QNB building is set apart from other bank buildings also in the Queensland Heritage Register (e.g. Royal Bank of Queensland) in being one of the permanent commercial buildings that resulted from the success of shallow reef mining, an early phase of gold mining in the town of Gympie, and the expectation of further gold discovery through deep reef mining. For 60 years the building served as a Queensland National Bank branch and manager&#39;s residence. It is one of only a few known 1870s commercial buildings remaining in Gympie.</p><br>
<p>The siting of the QNB building on Commissioners Hill and its later sale when the centre of the town moved eastwards after gold production ceased also illustrate the evolution of Gympie&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former QNB building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a regional bank of its era, being a good example of a masonry structure combining a banking chamber, office and managers residence. Its siting with other important institutions like the Lands Office and Courthouse on Commissioners Hill, high above the gold diggings, illustrates the prominence of banks in the gold mining town of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>The former QNB building is the oldest extant bank building in Gympie and the only one dating from the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Its intactness is demonstrated in its planning, room volumes, joinery, strongroom and pressed metal ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Sited on one of Gympie&#39;s high points in the vicinity of important government buildings such as the former Lands Office and Courthouse, the former QNB building is symbolic of the importance and permanence of the bank in one of the most economically important towns in Queensland. Along with a number of other bank buildings, including the former Bank of New South Wales (Bank of New South Wales, Gympie), the QNB building contributes to an important and substantially intact gold-era precinct in upper Mary Street area of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>The building has aesthetic significance for its architectural qualities expressed in the craftsmanship and detailing of the joinery and finishes, and for its streetscape value through its form, scale and design which complement other surviving 19th century buildings in its vicinity.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former QNB building, operating as a QNB branch from February 1877 until 1937, has a special association with the Queensland National Bank. As one of its earliest and most profitable branches, the Gympie branch of the QNB was important in the QNBs growth in Queensland. By 1880 the QNB held 40% of the total deposits and advances in Queensland, a higher proportion than any other bank in any Australian colony. The bank also exclusively held the Queensland governments account for 42 years (1879-1921). As the colonys most powerful banking institution, the QNB dominated Queenslands economy during the last quarter of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Royal Bank of Queensland is a heritage-listed former bank at 199 Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hugo Durietz and built in 1892. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank of Queensland building at Gympie, located at 199 Mary Street, was designed by architect Hugh Durietz in 1891 and built in 1892. This neoclassical building served as the Gympie branch of successive banks for 87 years, firstly as Royal Bank of Queensland from 1892 and finally as the National Australia Bank to 1979.</p><br>
<p>Gympie (initially known as Nashville) was established after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield turned Queensland into a significant gold producer and contributed much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged. In a year the alluvial gold had been exhausted and shallow reef mining commenced.</p><br>
<p>As Gympie evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, the early makeshift structures of the 1860s gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings from the mid 1870s. With the change to deep reef mining from 1875, came the need for extensive capital investment through the formation of companies using foreign capital. During 1881, mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie as an intensive phase of underground reef mining began, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees.</p><br>
<p>Mainly due to Queenslands three major gold mining centres - Gympie, Charters Towers and Mount Morgan - gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queenslands export income during the 1880s and 1890s. The value of gold output rose from £698,000 in 1883 to £2.75m in 1889, exceeding the value of exported wool. These enormous amounts of gold were purchased by banks such as the Royal Bank, which played a vital role in this process of wealth creation and distribution.</p><br>
<p>The influx of money and the resultant yield of gold at Gympie were reflected in the redevelopment of upper Mary Street during the 1880s and 1890s with substantial commercial buildings such as banks and company secretary and brokers&#39; offices. Several fires - in 1877, 1881 and 1891 - razed the earlier timber buildings in upper Mary Street and accelerated this transformation. A fire in January 1891 destroyed all of the buildings between the Gympie Times offices and the Mining Exchange Hotel which lead to the construction of more permanent masonry buildings on the eastern side of upper Mary Street. The last of the new buildings erected was the Royal Bank of Queensland, located adjacent to the Gympie Times office.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Hugh Durietz in 1891, tenders were invited for the erection of the bank premises in December 1891; closing on 24 December. The bank was completed in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Hugo Durietz (1831-1908) dominated Gympie architecture and its society. He was reported as having trained as an architect in Sweden before migrating to Victoria in 1852, attracted by its gold discoveries. He joined the gold rush to Canoona (Queensland) in 1858 but by 1862 had commenced business as a builder in Brisbane. He was contracted to build the Bank of New South Wales building on the corner of Queen and George Streets in Brisbane (subsequently replaced by the present building), supervised by James Cowlishaw, in 1864-65. In 1866 he was elected as an alderman for Kangaroo Point in the Brisbane Town Council but was bankrupted during the 1867 depression. After finalisation of his insolvency case in December 1867 he joined the rush to the Gympie goldfield where he became involved in many innovative business enterprises and joined community committees including those of the School of Arts; hospital; Mutual Improvement Association; Agricultural, Mining and Pastoral Society; and the Gympie Primary School. He is also attributed with introducing the mechanical cream separator to Queensland, a vital factor in the growth of the Queensland dairy industry.</p><br>
<p>By 1871 Durietz had begun his practise as an architect in Gympie and for more than 30 years he was commissioned by institutions on whose committees he served, many religious denominations and by business leaders and professionals, often on an ongoing basis. He tendered for 113 buildings during his career; projects ranging from numerous hotels, shops and cottages to public buildings in Gympie like the Surface Hill Wesleyan Church, the Gympie School of Arts and the Royal Bank building.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Bank of Queensland, established in 1885 by local investors who were finding it hard to obtain loans from sources outside Queensland, was intended as an alternative to its rival the Queensland National Bank. It was one of only three Queensland-based banks established during the 19th century. The head office opened in Brisbane in February 1886 and although it established three branches in the mining towns of Gympie, Charters Towers and Croydon, it generally avoided mining towns because they were too risky. Instead the Royal Bank concentrated on mercantile and agricultural interests near the coast, opening branches in sound agricultural districts and ports. By 1889 it had 20 branches and agencies including branches in London and Edinburgh. In 1890 the Royal Bank occupied fifth place amongst the ten banks trading in Queensland. The Royal Bank, in contrast to the Queensland National Bank, generally contented itself with timber and iron premises rather than occupying extravagant masonry buildings in the larger towns; established a more cautious lending policy instead of erratic lending due to fluctuating government deposits; and was the bank of humbler men rather than of the elite.</p><br>
<p>Initially the Royal Bank had followed a cautious banking policy acquiring £1 million in deposits by the end of 1888. This forced the bank to increasingly lend to people and industries that could not easily repay on demand, thereby following the custom of Queensland banking. Subsequently, in May 1893 the Royal Bank became one of the many banks that temporarily ceased trading at the height of the 1893 banking crisis in Queensland. By the end of May a reconstruction scheme for the Royal Bank had been announced and in early August 1893 the bank re-opened for trading.</p><br>
<p>The 20th century brought a series of mergers for the Royal Bank of Queensland. In 1917 the bank merged with the Bank of North Queensland, which had opened in Townsville in 1888, to become the Bank of Queensland. In 1922 this bank was absorbed by the National Bank of Australasia. Following the amalgamation of the Queensland National Bank with the National Bank of Australasia to form the National Bank of Australia in 1948 there were two branches of the bank in Gympie - at 33 and 199 Mary Street.</p><br>
<p>In January 1980 the National Bank amalgamated its branches at 33 Mary Street and 199 Mary Street to form a single bank of the National Bank in Gympie at 33 Mary Street, ending 87 years of banking at 199 Mary Street. The former Royal Bank of Queensland building was auctioned in March of the same year and became commercial premises.</p><br>
<p>Alterations to the bank have included the enclosure of most of the rear verandah and some of the side verandah, the addition of partition walls to form an office in the centre of the public space and removal of the banking counter. Doorways in two interior walls have been altered. A ramp has been added on the left hand side from Mary Street to the main entrance. Roofing iron has been replaced on the main roof and the rear and side verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank building before 2011 was the headquarters of the Gympie Muster.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank of Queensland is an imposing single-storey rendered masonry building with a pedimented temple front standing prominently to upper Mary Street in Gympie&#39;s central business area.</p><br>
<p>The rendered masonry front fence forms a plinth to the building which is set back from the property boundary and raised above street level. The compact front elevation is dominated by a projecting pedimented portico which is framed by fluted corner pilasters and shelters a set of concrete stairs and a landing. The plain moulded pediments of the front elevation and portico rest on decorative entablature friezes. The portico pediment has 1892 inscribed within. The front elevation is defined by fluted corner pilasters and composed of three arched openings notable for their severe rendered rusticated surrounds. The central arched entrance accommodates a narrow draft lobby which projects into the banking chamber. The lobby is lined with timber panelling and houses two sets of doors, the outer a set of solid timber panelled doors and the inner a set glazed timber doors. The flanking arched openings house timber framed double hung sash windows with masonry sills.</p><br>
<p>Garden beds sit behind the front fence separating the building from the footpath. Decorative wrought iron balustrading runs between the fence posts and a decorative wrought iron gate opens to the entry steps. A recent concrete ramp to the western end is accessed from the street through a later opening in the front fence.</p><br>
<p>The building is sheltered by a gabled roof hidden from view behind the pediment. The roof is timber-framed and clad with corrugated metal sheeting and rests within parapet walls on all four sides. Box gutters drain to two rainwater heads at each end of the northern elevation. A masonry chimney with moulded cornice rises through the roof on the eastern side of the building.</p><br>
<p>Exterior walls to the remainder of the building are rendered and finished with shallow ruled ashlar. The western elevation is punctuated by four large double-hung sash windows shaded by curved timber-framed window hoods. Verandahs wrap around the east and north. The south end of the east verandah is open and stop chamfered posts with capitals are supported on recent metal stirrups and bearers are supported on low masonry piers. The verandah roof is timber-framed and the floor is lined with wide hardwood boards. Two door openings to the east verandah flank a large double-hung timber sash window. At the south end, a timber paneled door with glazed fanlight opens into the managers office and the northern opening houses glazed French windows which open into the vestibule to the rear of the managers office.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the verandahs is enclosed with concrete blockwork. The parapet wall on the northern elevation rises to follow the gabled roof shape and is capped with a simple masonry mould. Early security bars remain in place on all external openings.</p><br>
<p>The interior is organized around the banking chamber which is accessed directly from the main entrance. The managers office opens to the right of the chamber and two smaller offices and the bank vault run along the rear. A side entrance from the east verandah opens into a vestibule to the rear of the managers office providing discreet access to this office and to the rear of the chamber. The banking chamber has additional later partitioning that is not full height. Two decorative timber rails run at half height around the chamber. An early fireplace, located in the manager&#39;s office, is framed with a simple timber mantelpiece and has a cast iron grate and side cheeks with a masonry hearth.</p><br>
<p>The interiors generally are notable for early cedar joinery and early door and window hardware including door knobs, locks, drop bolts, porcelain finger plates and key plates, and brass door handles to inner entrance doors. There is a gaslight fitting to the left of the vault opening.</p><br>
<p>Internal openings are generous in height and house fine timber-paneled doors with tall glazed pivoting fanlights. Generous moulded plaster skirting boards and timber skirting blocks and architraves are intact throughout. All interior timber work and joinery is varnished. Walls and ceilings are lined with hardset plaster with deep moulded cornices. A single decorative plaster ceiling rose is located in the banking chamber. Floors are generally covered with recent carpet.</p><br>
<p>The early bank vault remains intact and is secured by a heavy, metal plated door with early door furnishings intact. The vault is formed with arched brickwork supported on thick brickwork walls which have a thin render finish and has metal rod cross bracing.</p><br>
<p>The site rises sharply to the north, registering Gympie&#39;s hilly landscape. A concrete retaining wall stands to the rear of the building within which concrete steps rise steeply to a flat grassed platform which accommodates a small blockwork shed which is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. An early concrete surface drain is located on the eastern side of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank of Queensland was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank of Queensland (Royal Bank) building (1892)-and the important gold-era precinct of which it is a part-is physical evidence of the evolution of gold mining at Gympie, a major contributor to the wealth of Queensland for approximately 60 years from 1867. As Gympie gold production continued and evolved from alluvial to shallow reef mining to deep reef mining from 1875, this change was reflected in the erection of more permanent and elaborate buildings in the town centre. The Royal Bank, built during the third stage of Gympie mining, symbolised the wealth and permanence of the town.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank building is important in demonstrating the vital role of financial institutions in the process of wealth creation and distribution on Queensland goldfields as it converted enormous amounts of gold into cash.</p><br>
<p>The longest serving of all the Gympie bank buildings, the Royal Bank building functioned as a bank branch from 1892 to 1979.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank of Queensland building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a regional bank of its era, being a good example of a masonry structure in a classical style combining a banking chamber and offices.</p><br>
<p>Its siting with other gold-related buildings in upper Mary Street above the gold diggings, illustrates the prominence of banks in the gold mining town of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Its intactness is demonstrated on its exterior and in its room volumes, joinery and fittings and extant strongroom.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank building has aesthetic significance for its architectural qualities expressed in the craftsmanship and detailing of the joinery and finishes, and for its streetscape value through its form, scale and design. These qualities complement other surviving 19th century buildings in the street, particularly other banks also entered in the Queensland Heritage Register including the nearby former Bank of New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>Its balanced classical design, often associated with banks, projects the concept of stability that financial institutions of this era sought to convey through their buildings&#39; architecture.</p><br>
<p>Set back from the property boundary and with a prominent portico addressing the Mary Street frontage, the former Royal Bank has a striking appearance, giving it enormous streetscape presence among the upper Mary Street gold-era buildings. This important and substantially intact gold-era precinct comprises a harmonious streetscape of late Victorian commercial buildings dating from the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank building is a fine example of the work of architect Hugo Durietz who dominated Gympie architecture between 1871 and at least 1902 and was a highly regarded community leader. Other extant significant buildings designed by Durietz, include the Surface Hill Wesleyan Church, School of Arts, the organ loft of the St Patricks Church and the upper floor and facade of the Crawford & Co Building at 216 Mary Street, Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Gympie Stock Exchange is a heritage-listed former bank building and former stock exchange at 236 Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1881 to 1882. It is also the former Australian Joint Stock Bank and the Neilson, Stanton and Parkinson Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Australian Joint Stock Bank (AJSB) and later Gympie Stock Exchange building is a single storey rendered brick building in the classical style, plus a basement. Located in upper Mary Street, Gympie, it was designed by leading Queensland colonial architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1881-1882 for the Australian Joint Stock Bank as its permanent Gympie branch. Between 1902 and circa 1922 it functioned as the Gympie Stock Exchange Offices and Club.</p><br>
<p>Gympie (initially known as Nashville) was established after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield turned Queensland into a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged. In a year the alluvial gold had been exhausted and shallow reef mining commenced.</p><br>
<p>As Gympie evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, the early makeshift structures of the 1860s gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings from the mid 1870s. With the change to deep reef mining from 1875, came the need for extensive capital investment through the formation of companies using foreign as well as local capital. During 1881, mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie as an intensive phase of underground reef mining began, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees. The influx of money and the resultant yield of gold were reflected in the redevelopment of upper Mary Street during the 1880s and 1890s with substantial commercial buildings such as banks and company secretary and brokers offices. Several fires - in 1877, 1881 and 1891 - razed the earlier timber buildings and accelerated this transformation. A fire in August 1881 destroyed all of the buildings between Pattersons brick store and the Bank of New South Wales (242 Mary Street), leading to construction of more permanent masonry buildings in western side of upper Mary Street. One new building was that of the Australian Joint Stock Bank constructed during 1881 and 1882.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Joint Stock Bank was established with the discovery of gold in southern colonies in 1852 and opened branches on Queensland goldfields as they were discovered, including a branch at the Gympie goldfield on 10 March 1868. By 1878 the AJSB wished to establish a permanent branch in the town and purchased two adjacent town allotments (allotments 5 and 6, Section A) for this purpose in late October and early November 1878. The building designed for this site by architect FDG Stanley is in the neo-classical style befitting an organisation wishing to project stability, reliability and longevity. After seeing the plans, the building was described by the Gympie Times as "a very handsome brick building of two - or more correctly speaking - of one storey and a basement. The lower portion will be used as a record room, and the upper floor adapted for offices etc, the front being adorned with a handsome portico". Andrew Collins was contracted as the builder and the building cost approximately £1,400.</p><br>
<p>The banks architect, FDG Stanley, arrived to Queensland in 1861 and was employed by the Lands and Works Department in the Queensland Colonial Architects office from 1863 until 1881. The last eight years of his service were as Colonial Architect and as such he was the longest-serving of all Queenslands Colonial Architects. His principal building in this capacity was the Supreme Court Building in Brisbane (demolished). Thereafter Stanley worked in private practice until his death in 1897. His work was prolific and he produced many important buildings including the Queensland National Bank in Brisbane, the Holy Trinity Church and Rectory in Fortitude Valley, the Queensland Club in Brisbane and the Brisbane General Post Office. Among his regular clients were the Queensland National Bank, Australian Joint Stock Bank, the Union Bank of Australia, the Anglican Church and the merchants DL Brown and Co, for whom he designed substantial buildings throughout the colony. His buildings in Gympie include the former Gympie Post Office and St Patricks Catholic Church. Stanley has been described as "the best known of all Queensland&#39;s early architects because of the quality, diversity and extent of his work".</p><br>
<p>Although bank architecture projected stability and reliability, these could not be provided in 1893 when Queensland suffered its worst banking collapse and eight of its eleven banks temporarily ceased trading, including the AJSB. It suspended trading from April to July when it reopened as a limited liability bank, namely, the Australian Joint Stock Bank Limited (AJSB Ltd). The property at 236 Mary Street was transferred to this institution and the bank continued to operate from this building in Mary Street until its closure on 17 January 1902.</p><br>
<p>Shortly thereafter the premises were sold to the Gympie Stock Exchange which retained the premises until 1923. From its inception on 10 July 1884, with 127 members and 60 companies listed, the Gympie Stock Exchange had occupied a building on the opposite side of upper Mary Street adjacent to the Mining Exchange Hotel (now the RSL Club). At its meeting on 25 February 1902 the Committee of the Gympie Stock Exchange resolved to offer £1,600 for the AJSB Ltd premises on the following terms: £400 cash, the balance in instalments of £150 pa with 5% added for interest. The purchasers were to have the right to pay larger instalments and the Bank was to retain the deeds of the property until it was fully paid for. At its next meeting on 5 March 1902, the offer having been accepted, the Chairman of the Committee was empowered to complete the purchase of the AJSB Ltd premises. The Committee met again on 12 March to consult with architect Hugo Durietz regarding alterations to the premises.</p><br>
<p>These additions and alterations were undertaken in May and June 1902. They included the Stock Exchange call room, a separate timber building, erected by Pointer and Stewart for £229 at the rear of the former bank and accessed by a laneway on the lower (left-hand-side) of the building. The Stock Exchange offices and its newly formed club were housed in the former bank building.</p><br>
<p>The formation of the Gympie Stock Exchange had resulted from the increase in the production of gold at Gympie through deep reef mining. During the 1880s and 1890s Gympie was Queenslands second and then third biggest gold producer (after Mt Morgan gold production overtook it in 1887). During this period gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queenslands export income. The increase in production led to an upsurge in company formation because the industry was also the major capital-using sector of the colonial economy and so adopted company formation on a massive scale. This growth in gold- mining shares led to the formation of the Gympie Stock Exchange for their trading. Other goldfield stock exchanges were established at Charters Towers and Ravenswood. The Gympie Stock Exchange specialised completely in mining. During its existence it competed with its Brisbane counterpart (also established in July 1884) - providing facilities for the transfer of shares of Gympie mining companies. The existence of the Stock Exchange in Gympie, in the heart of the goldfield, kept many shares away from Brisbane and, in addition, aided the development of company formation in Gympie. The volume of sales of Gympie shares on the Brisbane Stock Exchange rarely exceeded that on the Gympie Exchange.</p><br>
<p>Substantial changes in the Queensland mining sector occurred between 1899 and 1913. Gold production in Queensland peaked in 1903, due largely to a final burst of production at Gympie, which was followed by a 60% decrease in production between 1903 and 1913 as the three major Queensland goldfields (Charters Towers, Gympie and Mt Morgan) declined simultaneously. A treatment process for mine tailings that used cyanide had provided Gympie a record yield in 1899. The Gympie field passed through its most profitable period from 1901 to 1906 and in 1903 recorded an output of 146,000 fine ounces (surpassing Mount Morgan that year). After 1906 the decline that had set in at Gympie in 1904 began to accelerate.</p><br>
<p>This downturn in gold production forced the eventual closure of the Stock Exchange. Despite this closure the Stock Exchange Club continued in this location at 236 Mary Street until 1923 when the premises were sold.</p><br>
<p>On 5 July 1923 Gympie solicitor Frederick Barker Sykes purchased the Gympie Stock Exchange site for £1,000. The Gympie Stock Exchange call room was removed. It was divided into two sections. One of these was moved to Mothar Mountain where it became the home of Professor Edward Sykes (son of FB Sykes; Professor of Law at the University of Queensland and later at the University of Melbourne) and was later destroyed by fire. The other portion was relocated to the north-west of the Cooroy railway station goods&#39; shed, where it remains. After the sale, the Gympie Stock Exchange Club moved to Smithfield Chambers on the opposite side of Mary Street, where the Club remained until when its closure occurred due to a declining active membership.</p><br>
<p>The former bank and stock exchange building continued in the ownership of the Sykes family until 1976 when it was sold to Neilson, Stanton and Parkinson - another firm of solicitors. These owners report that only minor changes have been made to accommodate their firm&#39;s operations in the original building, although additions have been made to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Gympie Stock Exchange, a single storey (with basement) masonry building with an elegant temple front, stands in upper Mary Street in Gympie&#39;s central business area. The early part of the building stands to the front of the site and a latter addition to the rear is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The building is built to the front property boundary.</p><br>
<p>The building is sheltered by a hipped roof clad with metal sheeting which is screened by a decorative balustraded parapet. A brick chimney with cornice banding rises through the roof on the western side of the building. The temple front comprises moulded square columns in an implied Doric order forming a timber floored entrance colonnade running across the front elevation. The columns support a plain entablature with a heavy moulded cornice. The projecting central entrance is flanked by twinned round and square columns supporting a plain entablature and crowned with a plain pediment. Decorative wrought iron balustrading runs between the square columns and a two-leaf decorative wrought iron gate marks the entrance. The front elevation is defined by square pilasters to the corners and is smooth-rendered masonry with a paint finish. The elevation is composed of three arched openings comprising a central entrance flanked by large double hung timber sash windows. A moulded cornice gives unity to the elevation.</p><br>
<p>The side elevations of the building are red facebrick and the building is separated from the adjacent buildings by narrow pedestrian lanes.</p><br>
<p>The central front entrance comprises a draft lobby consisting of a pair of exterior timber paneled doors with an arched fanlight and a pair of interior glazed timber doors on pivoting hinges. These swing doors are notable for the decorative brass, timber and glass handles. The flanking arched openings accommodate large double-hung timber sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The draft lobby opens into the banking chamber with the manager&#39;s office and the bank vault opening off this to the west. The rear section is organized off a central corridor with two rooms opening to the west and a single room to the east.</p><br>
<p>Internal openings are generous with wide timber paneled doors some with glazed pivoting fanlights. The south opening to the managers office accommodates a glazed timber paneled door. Generous timber skirting boards, skirting blocks and architraves are throughout. Walls are lined with plaster and ceilings with fibrous cement sheeting with timber cornice and cover strips. Much early door and window hardware survives including brass door handles and plates, porcelain fingerplates, doorknobs, key plates, hinges and locks. Floors are generally lined with recent carpet but the early pine floor boards are intact below. The original rear doors are intact and consist of a pair of timber paneled doors to the east side and a single timber paneled door to the west. The foyer accommodates part of the ornate carved and paneled front counter. The thick vault door has a fine timber paneled door with original hardware including brass handle to the chamber face and is lined with a heavy brown metal plate to the inner face. The vault comprises an arch concrete roof supported by thick brick walls. The managers office has an early fireplace with a decorated timber mantelpiece and cast iron grate and side cheeks.</p><br>
<p>The basement accommodates a storage vault where brick piers, brick foundation walls and the sandstone foundations of the vault above are visible. The timber-framed floor above is unlined. Facebrick arched brick lintels are above internal openings which accommodate pairs of timber paneled doors. Early metal bars are located on the inner face of the timber sash windows which have been sealed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Australian Joint Stock Bank and former Gympie Stock Exchange offices and club was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 April 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Australian Joint Stock Bank (AJSB) building (1882)-and the important gold-era precinct of which it is a part-is physical evidence of the evolution of Gympie gold mining, which was a major economic contributor to the wealth of Queensland for nearly 60 years from 1867. As Gympie gold production continued and evolved from alluvial to shallow reef mining to deep reef mining from 1875, this change was reflected in the erection of more permanent and elaborate buildings in the town centre. The former AJSB building was one of these permanent commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>The former AJSB building is important in demonstrating the vital role of financial institutions in the process of wealth creation and distribution on Queensland goldfields when as a bank branch (1882-1902) it converted enormous amounts of gold into cash and later in its role as the Gympie Stock Exchange Offices and Club (1902-circa1922).</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As the premises of the Gympie Stock Exchange Offices and Club from 1902 to circa1922, the former AJSB building demonstrates a building type that has always been uncommon in Queensland and remains so. It is a rare surviving remnant of one of the four stock exchanges (in Brisbane, Gympie, Charters Towers and Ravenswood) that operated during the 19th century while Queensland was a significant gold-producer.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former AJSB building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a regional bank of its era, being a good example of a masonry structure in the classical style combining a banking chamber and office. Its siting with other important gold-related buildings in upper Mary Street, high above the gold diggings, illustrates the prominence of banks in the gold mining town of Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Its intactness is demonstrated in its planning, room volumes, joinery, and strong room.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the respected and prolific architect, FDG Stanley in 1881-82, the former AJSB building is a good example of Stanley&#39;s regional bank architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former AJSB building has aesthetic significance for its architectural qualities, expressed in the craftsmanship and detailing of the joinery and finishes, and for its streetscape value through its form, scale and design. These qualities complement other surviving 19th century buildings in the street, particularly other banks also entered in the Queensland Heritage Register including the nearby former Bank of New South Wales. The important and substantially intact gold-era precinct, of which this building is a valuable part, comprises a harmonious streetscape of late Victorian commercial buildings dating from the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Its balanced classical design, often associated with banks, projects the concept of stability that financial institutions of this era sought to convey through their buildings&#39; architecture.</p><br>
<p>Tozer&#39;s Building is a heritage-listed office building at 218 Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built in 1896. It is also known as Jeffery & Cuddihy Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tozers Building was designed in 1895 by noted Brisbane architect Richard Gailey as solicitors offices for Horace Tozer (later knighted) and his partner Anthony Conwell. Practising as a solicitor in Gympie from 1868 until 1898, Tozer was noted as an authority on mining law and as a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, minister and Agent-General. These two storey purpose-built offices with basement, designed in a classical style have been used as solicitors&#39; offices from 1896 until the present day.</p><br>
<p>Gympie was established after the discovery of gold in the Mary River district in October 1867. The new goldfield established Queensland as a significant gold producer, contributing much needed finances to the young colony. Thousands of people arrived at the Gympie goldfield in the months after the discovery and a fledgling settlement emerged. In a year the alluvial gold had been exhausted and shallow reef mining commenced. During 1881, mines began yielding large amounts of gold, marking a new era of wealth and prosperity for Gympie as an intensive phase of underground reef mining began, facilitated by the injection of capital into mining companies for machinery and employees.</p><br>
<p>As Gympie evolved from a hastily established mining settlement, the early makeshift structures of the 1860s gradually gave way to more permanent and substantial public and private buildings from the mid 1870s. With the change to deep reef mining during the 1880s came the need for extensive capital investment. Gympie was Queenslands second and then third biggest gold producer during the 1880s and 1890s (after Mt Morgan gold production overtook it in 1887). In this period gold production contributed between 21.61 and 35.53 percent of Queensland export income. Gympies part in the production was reflected in the redevelopment of upper Mary Street during the 1880s and 1890s with substantial commercial buildings such as banks and mining secretaries and brokers offices. Several fires - in 1877, 1881 and 1891 - razed the earlier timber buildings and accelerated this transformation.</p><br>
<p>A fire in August 1881 destroyed all of the buildings between Pattersons brick store and the Bank of New South Wales (242 Mary Street) on the south-western side of Mary Street, Gympie. This included the earlier building that had stood on the site of the present-day Tozers Building (originally Allotment 10, Section A). Horace Tozer established a legal practice in Gympie in 1868 following his admission as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Queensland on 7 December 1867. In 1871 he purchased, under the Goldfields Town Land Act 1869, the town lot on the north-eastern side of upper Mary Street on which he had built his business premises in the early days of the town. The Brisbane Courier reported in February 1881 that Gympie property had increased in value as a consequence of a very marked improvement in mining. Subsequently in August 1881 Horace Tozer sold his upper Mary Street property and moved to leased premises on the same side of upper Mary Street. In 1886, he went into partnership with Anthony Conwell (d 1897) as Tozer and Conwell, solicitors.</p><br>
<p>In 1891 the premises leased by Tozer and Conwell were burnt down when the north-eastern side of Mary Street, between the Gympie Times office and the Mining Exchange Hotel was razed, and the partnership suffered a loss of £5,000 in uninsured property. The solicitors moved temporarily into a building next to the Australian Joint Stock Bank (236 Mary Street) on the opposite side of upper Mary Street from January to March 1891. They then moved to offices next to Caston and Davidson, Mining Secretaries, (Crawford and Co Building, 216 Mary Street), possibly in a building that occupied the site of the current Tozer&#39;s Building (218 Mary Street).</p><br>
<p>At the time, this property was owned by Charles Campion Bunworth, a Gympie businessman, who owned a number of Mary Street properties. The property had been mortgaged to Gympie MLA and community leader, William Smyth, for £3,200 in February 1890. By April 1894 Bunworth was insolvent and the property passed to Robert Jones who sold it to Ellen Jane Smyth, the wife of William Smyth, in August 1894.</p><br>
<p>In October 1895 tenders for contractors to erect offices and strongrooms in Mary Street, Gympie were invited by architect Richard Gailey with plans available for inspection at the offices of Tozer and Conwell, Gympie. Upon its completion, the building formed part of the gold era streetscape of upper Mary Street created in the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Richard Gailey (1834-1924) was a Londonderry architect who had settled in Brisbane in 1864. He established his own practice here in 1865, and over the next 60 years built up a thriving business, working until his death in 1924. He designed Baptist churches including the Baptist City Tabernacle in Brisbane, the former Baptist Church in Ipswich; commercial buildings such as banks including the Westpac Bank Building, Normanton (formerly the Bank of New South Wales); and many hotels including the Jubilee Hotel, Orient Hotell, Regatta Hotel, Wickham Hotel, all in Brisbane. Many commercial buildings in Brisbane designed by Gailey during the 1880s were characterised by classical idioms and details. He designed the Commercial Hotel and the Bank of New South Wales Building located in Mary Street, Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Building owner Ellen Smyth was the second wife of self-made man, William Smyth, who rose from gold miner to mining speculator, making his fortune through investment in mine shares, particularly from the highly profitable Phoenix No 1 Mine. He became the largest mine owner on the Gympie field. Elected as an alderman for Borough of Gympie in 1883, Smyth was mayor of Gympie from 1883 to 1884 when he resigned after election as the Member for Gympie in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, in which he served from 7 September 1883 to 11 March 1899. He was a Director of the Royal Bank of Queensland, Gympie Gas Company and One Mile Sawmill. Smyth died in 1899. His widow was involved in a number of community organisations including the National Council of Women of Queensland (NCWQ), first as a delegate and later as Honorary Vice-President.</p><br>
<p>Her lessee, Sir Horace Tozer, born on 23 April 1844 at Port Macquarie, New South Wales, was both solicitor and politician. Practising law in Gympie from 1868 and as a joint owner of mining leases, Tozer became an authority on mining law, was a member of the Gympie Mining Court and conducted two mining appeals before the Privy Council in London. He was elected as member for Wide Bay in 1871 but stood down a few months later for Henry Edward King to contest the seat in a by-election. He served as an alderman in the first Gympie Municipal Council from 1880. In 1888 Tozer again nominated for Wide Bay and won the seat, which he held until 5 March 1898. From 12 August 1890 until his retirement from parliament Tozer held ministerial offices. He served as Colonial Secretary and Secretary for Public Works until March 1893, Colonial Secretary from March 1893 to August 1896 and as Home Secretary from 1896 until 2 March 1898. From March to November 1897 he acted as Queensland Premier in the absence of Sir Hugh Nelson and in that year was appointed K.C.M.G. In London, Tozer acted as Queensland&#39;s Agent-General from 1898 to 1909 when he retired because of ill-health. During his public life he introduced significant legislation including the Public Service Act 1896, the Factories and Shops Act 1896 to regulate hours and conditions, the Election Act 1897 and the controversial Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897. In his ministerial capacity Tozer was responsible for establishing the Free Public Library in 1895 and the National Art Gallery of Queensland. He died on 20 August 1916.</p><br>
<p>The solicitors firm established by Horace Tozer in 1868 was continued in Tozers Building by his descendants for another 94 years, perpetuating his name, his connection with the site and his community involvement. Sir Horace Tozers son, Vivian Hoyles Tozer, who had entered the firm, leased the building until he purchased the property in 1949 after the death of its owner, Ellen Jane Smyth. Vivian Tozer qualified as a solicitor in 1892, later was elected MLA, and served as a citizen soldier in the Queensland Defence Force. Following his death, Tozer&#39;s Building passed to descendents, Seymour Darvall Tozer and Horace Vivian Tozer in 1959, quickly passing to Horace Vivian Tozer solely in October 1959. In 1990 the property transferred to the firm of solicitors, Jeffery Cuddihy and Joyce, which currently occupies the building.</p><br>
<p>Some changes have been made to the original building. The rear upper storey verandah has been altered, a fireplace on the rear, right-hand- side wall of the ground floor has been boarded up and wall partitions have been added to create office space at the rear of the original building on the ground floor. The interior staircase to the basement, which was accessed from behind the staircase to the upper floor, has been closed off from access from the ground floor. The original strongrooms on the ground floor and in the basement are extant. In 2009 the upper floor offices were unchanged as was the staircase leading to the first floor from the foyer. The original counter in the foyer is in place but the clerk&#39;s grill with writing slope has been removed, although it remains stored in the building. An extension has been added to the rear of the original building for offices on the ground floor, with a new opening through the rear wall of the 1896 building, and staff facilities in the basement area are accessed by a new staircase. The basement retains its strongrooms, fireplace, staircase and windows, including their security bars.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Tozers Building is a two storey building with basement built to the front and side alignments of a narrow allotment that extends between Mary and Reef Streets. The building is one of a group of Gympie gold- mining buildings dating from the late nineteenth century on the southern side of the upper slope of Mary Street in Gympies central business district. It has load bearing masonry walls supporting a timber-framed roof and floors. Its roof, clad with corrugated metal sheeting, is concealed behind the parapet walls to the front and side alignments and its hipped end is visible from the rear.</p><br>
<p>Tozer&#39;s Building has a detailed, symmetrically composed facade with smooth-rendered masonry featuring elements arranged in careful proportion typical of the Neoclassical style. Openings are arched and of equal widths and are visually separated by square pilasters set in low relief and string courses. Pilasters on the lower level have capitals decorated with flower motifs while pilasters of the upper floor have Corinthian style capitals. Arches are finished with moulded architraves and keystones. The parapet comprises decorative balustrading and a deep moulded cornice.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is located on the western side of the facade and is accessed from the street via two concrete steps with risers finished with tessellated tiles. A pair of painted timber paneled doors with an arched and glazed fanlight above provides access into a small entry vestibule which is lined with timber paneling to walls and ceilings and hardwood boards to the floor. The vestibule recesses into and provides access to the building&#39;s foyer space via another pair of timber paneled swing doors with two glazed and arched panels inset. A tall, arched window with double-hung sashes and a masonry sill is located to the east of the front entrance together with a basement window. Windows on the upper level are similar in design but are slightly shorter in height.</p><br>
<p>On the rear elevation, the upper level has two tall timber framed double-hung sash windows positioned either side of a four paneled timber door which opens onto a verandah which has been modified. The verandah has a bullnosed roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting and a dowel balustrade. A concrete blockwork addition to the ground floor and basement level extends toward Reef Street and the rear elevation houses exit doors on the eastern side to both levels.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the 1896 building contains three rooms: the foyer, a strongroom and a rear office. The foyer contains the original counter with robust detailing, part of which is stored in the basement and a grandfather clock on the southern wall. On the north-western wall, a half-turn stair provides access to the upper level. Paneling to the underside of the first flight houses an access door to a single flight of stairs leading to the basement. The stairs consist of closed risers and treads with turned balusters and newel posts, the basement stair is painted and the upper staircase is clear finished.</p><br>
<p>The strongroom with heavy metal door is also located on the north- western wall adjacent to a fireplace to the rear office. Partial height timber framed partitions lined with plasterboard positioned parallel to the south-eastern wall, are later additions and separate the office and strongroom from a hall created to access the rear addition.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor, two offices are separated by the upper flight of stairs. The front office which has a fireplace on its south-western wall has been divided into two offices and an entrance vestibule by timber framed partial height partitions lined with plasterboard. The rear office which has access to the rear verandah has a fireplace on its north-western wall and safes set into masonry in the northern corner.</p><br>
<p>The basement of the 1896 building, has painted brickwork walls lined throughout with storage shelves. A strongroom is located beneath the ground floor strongroom adjacent to a fireplace. The ceilings are lined with tongue and groove boards and the floor is formed with concrete. The rear wall contains a central door and two full height windows with double hung sashes secured with metal grilles.</p><br>
<p>Original internal walls on the upper two levels are finished with plaster lined to imitate stone ashlar while ceilings on all levels are lined with double beaded tongue and groove boards with timber cornices. Internal openings are generous in height and consist of timber-paneled doors with glazed pivoting fanlights above. Generous timber skirting boards, skirting blocks and architraves are located in many areas. The majority of the interior timber work and joinery is clear finished though the skirting in the rear office of the ground floor has been painted. Original door and window furniture survives and some light fittings including gas jets above the staircase and in the rear office on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The two storey rear concrete block extension is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tozer&#39;s Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Tozer&#39;s Building (1896) is important in demonstrating the evolution of gold mining at Gympie, a major contributor to the wealth of Queensland for approximately 60 years from 1867. As Gympie gold production evolved from alluvial to shallow reef mining to deep reef mining from 1875, the changes were reflected in the erection of more permanent and elaborate buildings in the town centre.</p><br>
<p>As the offices of solicitor and politician Sir Horace Tozer, a leading authority on mining law during Queenslands gold era, the building is the product of Gympies importance as the third largest goldfield in Queensland during the 1890s and illustrates the importance of gold mining in Queensland history.</p><br>
<p>Its siting near Commissioners Hill in the vicinity of important government and gold-related buildings also illustrates the growth and evolution of Gympie&#39;s development. It forms part of the upper Mary Street gold era precinct.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Tozer&#39;s Building is a good example of commercial offices designed by Richard Gailey. The original 1896 structure is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of Victorian-era commercial offices. It comprises a foyer, handsome cedar staircase to the first floor rooms, a ground floor office, strongroom and a basement with its own strongrooms. The interior contains fine finishes such as plaster walls, decorative plaster cornices, pine ceilings, and handsome original cedar joinery including counter, windows, fanlights, architraves, skirtings and substantial doors.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building has aesthetic significance for its architectural qualities expressed in the interior craftsmanship and detailing of the joinery and finishes, and for its streetscape value through its form, scale and design which complement other surviving 19th century buildings in the street.</p><br>
<p>Located on the south-western side of Mary Street, the former Tozer&#39;s Building forms part of the harmonious upper Mary Street gold era streetscape of late Victorian commercial buildings dating from the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Tozers Building has a special association with the life and work of Sir Horace Tozer, solicitor, member of the Queensland parliament from 1890, Queensland minister from 1893 to 1898, and Queenslands Agent-General from 1898 to 1909. Resident in Gympie from the first year of the Gympie goldfield, Sir Horace Tozer became an authority on mining law, introduced significant legislation into Queensland parliament and held influential public offices during the course of his career, thereby helping to shape the future of the Colony, and later State, of Queensland and its people.</p><br>
<p>Tozers Building was built for Horace Tozer and is still known by his name. The legal firm that he established in 1868 and his descendants continued was conducted from Tozers Building for 94 years, perpetuating his name and connection with the site.</p><br>
<p>Maithai jama Haphong is the 6th highest peak of Bangladesh. It is located at the south-eastern part of the Chittagong hill tracts in the Bangladesh-India border area. It is not officially recognized by the Bangladesh government. This peak is also the 2nd highest peak of Reng Tlang range after Dumlong. On 7 December 2014, Fahim Hasan from Dhaka, a member of an adventure team BD Explorer with the help of the adjacent local villagers summited the peak of Maithai jama Haphong and measured this peak as 3,174 feet  by Garmin GPS device for the first time. The exact geo location of the highest point is N 22°00.714,E 92°35.863.</p><br>
<p>On 3 January 2015, during the "Survey South-Eastern zone of Bangladesh 2014-15" led by D-Way Expeditor&#39;s team, members measured this peak. Their measured altitude was 3,178 feet (GPS accuracy +/- 10 feet). A few days later, a local trekker named Ratul BD summited the Maithaijama Haphong peak as 3rd team.</p><br>
<p>The name "Maithai jam Haphong" came from the local Tripura language. It means, "Bad hilly place for vegetation". In the Tripura language "Haphong" means "hill". Stream (jhiri) route to the summit is very adventurous & the view from the peak is extraordinary.</p><br>
<p>Location: Bilaichori, Rangamati.</p><br>
<p>Range: Reng Tlang</p><br>
<p>Elevation: 3,174 feet (GPS accuracy: +/- 6 feet)</p><br>
<p>Position: N 22°00.714,E 92°35.863</p><br>
<p>Measured By: BD Explorer</p><br>
<p>The Wade Building is a historic commercial building located at 231 Central Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a four-story masonry structure, built out of brick, with a dressed stone facade. The ground floor has a commercial storefront, with recessed entrance and plate glass windows sheltered by an awning. The upper floors&#39; bays have windows that decrease in size and level of decoration, with a modillioned cornice and balustraded parapet at the top. The building was designed by the firm of Thompson, Sanders & Ginocchio, and is a well-proportioned example of Classical Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Bellows Falls Co-operative Creamery Complex is a historic industrial property in Bellows Falls, Vermont. Developed over a period of about 40 years beginning c. 1906, the complex, with two surviving buildings, it represents one of Vermont&#39;s largest commercial enterprises of the period. The property, located on the eastern side of Bellows Falls Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Bellows Falls Creamery is located on the eastern part of the island formed by the Connecticut River and the Bellows Falls Canal. It is located just south of the rail yard on the northern part of the island, and north of the Adams Gristmill Warehouse. It consists of one large multi-component building, three stories at its tallest, and an adjacent heating plant. The main building has openings to the rail yard to the north, and a drive accesses the complex from Bridge Street to the south at a higher elevation. Its main sections, three stories in height, are built of concrete with brick and other exterior finishes. Added sections give the building a U shape, with the opening to the south. Immediately southeast of the southeastern leg of the U stands the two-story brick heating plant.</p><br>
<p>The first creamery established in Bellows Falls was a two-story wood frame structure built by the Boston Dairy Company about 1906. The main building of the surviving creamery complex was built about 1918 by the Liberty Paper Company, and both buildings were acquired by the Bellows Falls Co-operative Creamery in 1921. This business, which processed milk from more than 200 member farmers, shipped milk products to market in Boston, Massachusetts by rail. In 1932 the plant was expanded, replacing the 1906 building with a larger modern structure, now part of the main building. The company remained successful, growing its plant over the following decades. In 1964, however, it lost its contract with Finast, a major regional grocery chain, and ceased operations in 1965. The buildings were used as storage and stood vacant for many years thereafter, suffering from neglect, vandalism, and fires that destroyed one wing and part of the main building. Despite that, the buildings represent a major reminder of an important element of Vermont&#39;s economy in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Booubyjan Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Booubyjan Road, Booubyjan, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from the 1860s to the 1870s circa. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Booubyjan Homestead is a complex of timber structures built by the Lawless family at varying times in the nineteenth century as their accommodation needs increased.</p><br>
<p>Booubyjan Homestead has variously been referred to by a number of variations of the spelling of its title in both personal and business correspondence, Government publications and histories of the area. Such variations include Boombyjan, Boonbyjan, Booubijan and Boombagan.</p><br>
<p>The Lawless&#39; occupation of the Booubyjan run began in 1847, when two brothers Paul and Clement Lawless took up three properties in the Burnett River district. The Lawless brothers arrived in Australia from County Cork, Ireland in 1841. After initially establishing themselves on a farm in the Hunter Valley, the brothers moved to the Moreton Bay district, where they took up the Nindooimba run in 1842. With the intention of finding land more suitable for sheep farming, Paul and Clement Lawless joined an expedition travelling to the Brisbane Valley, where they discovered their future home, Booubyjan, named after a near-by large rock.</p><br>
<p>A letter which Clement Lawless wrote to his sister-in-law, Alicia Lawless-Pyne, dated March 1849, provides many details about the early occupation of the Booubyjan run by the Lawless family. Lawless writes of the effects of the low wool prices and the consequent economic hardships which saw the importation and employment of many "Celestials" on the station. The wages books from the station attest to the large proportion of Chinese labourers at Booubyjan, who were, it seems, paid considerably less than their European counterparts. The problems with language were overcome because the Chinese did everything by signs most readily and were excellent at tending sheep.</p><br>
<p>This letter goes on to give details of the early ownership of the station: "We have not got any Title as yet from the Governor to our Station, which is keeping us in hot water, but expect it during the year. A great deal of business has accumulated in the Lands Office in consequence of a change in Squatting regulations; the whole of the country has to be surveyed before they can give Leases, which must occupy a long time."</p><br>
<p>And by 1850, the New South Wales Government Gazette (June 19) published a list of successful tenders for runs in Crown Lands beyond the settled districts. Paul Lawless is listed with Windera and Clement Lawless with "Boombagan". According to early Lands Department Registers the Lawless brothers ran a station called Booubyjan and this comprised three runs, namely Booubyjan, Boonimba and Windera. These Registers indicate that Paul was the sole proprietor of Windera and Clement the sole proprietor of Booubyjan run and both brothers oversaw the Boonimba run.</p><br>
<p>An early Register indicates that a lease was issued for the Booubyjan (therein referred to as Boombagan) and Windera Runs in 1862 for a term of 14 years for an annual rent of £14. However, under Section 55 of the Pastoral Leases Act of 1869, the Lawless&#39; brothers surrendered their leases at both Booubyjan and Windera and were issued with new leases for the two runs in July 1869.</p><br>
<p>Clement Lawless returned to Ireland in about 1860 to marry and remained living in Kilcrone, Ireland until 1869 when he returned to Booubyjan for one year before, again, returning to his country of birth. In 1873 Clement sold his interest in both the Booubyjan station property and another family property, Imbil in the Mary Valley, purchased in 1857, to Ellen Lawless, the wife of his brother Paul.</p><br>
<p>In about 1858 Paul Lawless had also returned to Britain where he married Ellen Nash in Bath, and the young couple set out for Australia in April 1859. Paul and Ellen had three children, and by 1865 it was necessary for the sake of Pauls health to return to Britain where he died shortly after. Ellen, who now held her husbands share in the Australian properties, and her young children spent some years travelling around Europe before returning to Booubyjan in late 1870.</p><br>
<p>After Ellens death in 1922, the property was bequeathed to her two sons, one of whom, William Burnett Lawless was actually residing at the homestead at the time of his mothers death. William and his wife, Beatrice Muriel Walker, did not have children, and the property was passed on Williams death in 1945 to Williams nephews, Ivan Desmond Lawless and Burnett Rhys Lawless, who were the sons of John Paul Lawless, then in residence at Windera. Burnett Rhys Lawless continued on at the homestead for many years until his death in 1995, and Booubyjan is now run by Burnett&#39;s son, Michael along with his wife and children.</p><br>
<p>It is not possible to date the buildings and structures on the homestead with any degree of certainty. It seems that the oldest building is that known as the Dining Room, which is thought to have been previously used as a nursery. The Queensland Women&#39;s Historical Association placed their first "blue plaque" in the state on this building in 1960, giving its approximate age as being from 1860. Photographs dating from the 1870s suggest that the two other principal buildings, referred to as the Homestead and the Cottage, were built either during or before the early 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Early photographs of the head station at Booubyjan indicate that the complex has been subject to many changes, where buildings have been removed or added, and in some instances moved slightly. There is evidence, for example, that an elevated timber building to the south west of the Cottage was removed from the complex of buildings comprising the homestead at Booubyjan.</p><br>
<p>The 1950s saw the destruction of an early kitchen to the rear of the Dining Room, and its replacement with another kitchen built onto the rear of the Homestead.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s a storm unroofed both the Cottage and the Homestead, and these were replaced, though not in the previous steeply pitched Dutch gabled roof form, but simply with hipped corrugated iron roofs.</p><br>
<p>Photographs taken in 1928 by the travelling photographer of The Queenslander, show the remarkably unchanged state of the buildings from this time, particularly the interiors which retain many pieces of furniture and other items from earlier periods of inhabitancy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Booubyjan Homestead is situated on a 9000 acre run in the Kilkivan Shire (later part of Gympie Region), about 14 km north of the small town of Tansey, which is north of Goomeri.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is on an elevated section of the run, allowing comprehensive views of the surrounding run. The complex consists of timber buildings, linked by open verandahs and covered walkways. Three principal buildings facing north east comprise the residence, with various outbuildings to the south and west of these.</p><br>
<p>The one storeyed building located centrally in the complex, the largest of the buildings, is referred to as the Homestead. This building, which is elevated on timber stumps, is of drop slab timber construction, although the front of the building has been faced with horizontal timber weatherboards. The hipped corrugated iron roof is centrally pierced with a brick chimney shaft, with simple brick corbelling and chimney hood.</p><br>
<p>Verandahs surround the building although these have been infilled and altered to the south west or rear of the building. Access is provided to the verandah via a centrally located open tread timber stair, which is emphasised with a planted trellis. Four half glazed french doors with transom lights above open from the homestead to the front verandah, and similar doors open on the north western and south eastern sides of the building. The corrugated iron verandah awning is supported on chamfered timber posts, and the soffit is clad with fibrous cement sheeting to the north west of the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the Homestead is divided into three principal rooms, to which the french doors provide access. These rooms are internally clad with fibrous cement sheeting braced with timber strips. Some of the internal walls are covered with calico and hessian lining. A chimney piece, with rudimentary timber mantle, is found in the largest of the rooms on the north west end of the homestead, and another in the adjacent room.</p><br>
<p>The rear of this building is lined with infilled and open sections of verandah, and also with substantial additions comprising a laundry, kitchen and billiard room. The timber frame additions are externally clad with horizontal weatherboards and internally with fibrous cement sheeting, similar to that found in the front rooms of this building.</p><br>
<p>To the north west of the homestead, abutting its verandah on this side, is a one-roomed timber building known as the Dining Room. This is thought by the Lawless family to be the oldest building on the site. The building has a hipped corrugated iron roof and verandahs to the north east and north west, the awnings of which are incorporated in the main roof made discernible by a slight change of pitch. The walls of the building are of drop slab construction, and apparent on the underside of the verandah are early shingles and framing. The building is constructed with a system of two roof structures, an external iron clad covering and another timber framed and clad under- roof which meets the top of the external walls, allowing the outer roof to remain at a distance above the walls, allowing a gentler pitch.</p><br>
<p>Three sets of half glazed french doors open onto the verandah from the interior. The interior walls of the Dining Room are plastered, with stained timber wainscotting to dado rail height. The stained timber beaded board ceiling is coved, following the rake of the under roof previously mentioned.</p><br>
<p>To the south east of the Homestead and connected to its verandah with a covered walkway, is a smaller timber building known as the Cottage. Encircling it are wide verandahs on all sides, with an infill section of the south east. This building is constructed of vertical slabs of timber housed in recessed timber sections at the top and base of the wall, and the building features a similar double roof system to that previously described. The verandah is supported on chamfered timber posts.</p><br>
<p>Half glazed french doors give access to the three internal room from the verandah, though some of these have been replaced with single half glazed doors. Internally the Cottage is clad with fibrous cement sheeting, braced with timber strips.</p><br>
<p>Several outbuildings of various ages surround the three principal buildings, these include a power house to the south-west of the homestead; an early bush house and entrance gates to the north west of the Dining Room; sheds, stores and garages to the north west of the bush house. Many mature trees and plants surround the homestead, these include a hoop pine.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Booubyjan Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As one of the earliest pastoral stations in Queensland, Booubyjan Homestead demonstrates the pattern of land use and settlement in rural areas of the state from the late 1840s and, in particular the development of the Burnett region.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Booubyjan provides rare surviving evidence of early timber building construction techniques, including drop slab and vertical slab construction, and shingled roofing.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Booubyjan Homestead has the potential to yield further information through archaeological research about timber building construction techniques of the mid nineteenth century and of the early pastoral station.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of early Queensland homesteads, constructed as the head station of a large run. The various accretions, dating from the 1860s, demonstrate the growth of the Lawless family.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are picturesquely situated in an early garden at the crest of an incline, and have aesthetic significance. Booubyjan Homestead has a number of significant furniture pieces, important to the understanding of the history of the homestead.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Booubyjan Homestead has special associations with the Lawless family, who originally took up the land in 1847, and have remained on the run to this day. The family included early pioneers of the Burnett region.</p><br>
<p>The Godfrey-Kellogg House is a historic house at 212 Kenduskeag Road in Bangor, Maine, USA. Built in about 1847, it is one of the state&#39;s finest and least-altered examples of residential Gothic Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Godfrey-Kellog House stands north of downtown Bangor, on the west side of Kenduskeag Road, overlooking Kenduskeag Stream. The house is a rambling 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a variety of projecting bays, gable dormers, and other architectural details. Its gables are adorned with jigsawn vergeboard, with the main gables topped by decorative finials. Walls are finished mainly in vertical board-and-batten siding, with some elements clapboarded and others finished in flushboard. Its porches are topped by low jigsawn balustrades. The house sits on 2 acre of land, along with a similarly-decorated barn, carriage house, and dog house. The barn and carriage house both have living quarters on the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1847 for John Godfrey, as a summer residence for his family; its architect is unknown. At the time of its construction, it would have had a view of the Bangor downtown, and of the nearby Morse Mill and covered bridge (neither of which is now standing). The property is notable for its architecture, and its state of preservation, having had relatively little alteration to either the interiors or exteriors of any of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>Bagheera, formerly Beacon Rock, is a historic schooner normally berthed at the Maine State Pier in Portland, Maine. She is a two-masted auxiliary rigged schooner, built in 1924 by the noted naval architect John G. Alden, and is noted for her racing success on the Great Lakes. She is now owned and operated by the Portland Schooner Company, which offers sailing tours of Casco Bay, using Bagheera and Wendameen. Bagheera was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bagheera is a wooden-hulled auxiliary schooner, measuring 72 ft in length with a deck of 55 ft. Her beam is 14 ft, and she has a draft of 7 ft. Her frame is white oak, with pine planking, flooring, and ceilings. Her rails are mahogany, and her bowsprit and spars are sitka spruce. The deck is fiberglass (a replacement for the original teak), laid on oak beams. The outside of the hull is painted black. Her present rigging, similar to the original, is gaff rigging. The auxiliary power is provided by a c. 2000 82 horsepower Westerbeke diesel engine. The interior retains substantial woodwork and equipment, including its original wheel.</p><br>
<p>Bagheera was built at the Rice Brothers Shipyard in East Boothbay, Maine, in 1924, to a design by John G. Alden, by then already a well-known designer of sailing ships. Her design is of a class known as Malabar schooners, although she is both longer and wider than most instances of the class. She was built for Marion Eppley, and was originally called Beacon Rock, after her estate in Newport, Rhode Island. Eppley berthed her at Newport, and sold her in 1928 to Robert Benedict. He renamed her Bagheera, and moved her to Chicago, where she embarked on a successful racing career on the Great Lakes, which lasted roughly until 1938. She was used as a training vessel during World War II, and was shipped to the Mediterranean Sea in the 1950s and sailed back to the United States. In 1948 her gaff rigging was replaced by a Marconi rig. By the 1980s she had been sailed to the west coast, and outfitted for passenger trade. "Bagheera" is now being used as a floating universal classroom for students and professors from Saint Josephs Colleges Environmental Science Semester. Weather permitting, the schooner becomes a temporary home and lab, carrying the crew Downeast for two weeks to study climate change and glacial geology, field methods, marine ecology, and oceanography.</p><br>
<p>Drumkeeragh Forest is a mixed coniferous forest located on the lower slopes of Slieve Croob, near Ballynahinch, Northern Ireland. It is used for commercial felling and is managed by the Forest Service Northern Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The forest is predominantly made up of sitka spruce but Norway spruce, western red cedar, European larch, Douglas fir, noble fir, and Scots, lodgepole and Corsican pines are also found there. The trees are felled for timber, with cleared sections rotating every 50 years. The high elevation (190 m to 310 m) and poor soil mean that deciduous trees used to produce timber can not grow in the forest.</p><br>
<p>In the cleared areas, replanting has been carried out with wildlife conservation and landscaping in mind. Some of the replanted trees have included mountain ash and silver birch, both native broadleaf trees, which has led to a wider variety of birds in these areas.</p><br>
<h2>Connection to crimes</h2><br>
<p>Drumkeeragh Forest was the scene of the death of Penny McAllister. On 27 March 1991 McAllister had her throat slit by her husband&#39;s lover, Susan Christie, while they walked together in the woods. Christie originally claimed that a "wild bearded man" attacked them both but she was later convicted of manslaughter.</p><br>
<p>On 20 December 2004 Karen McMullan was left at Drumkeeragh forest, along with her burnt out car, after being held hostage for more than 24 hours. The kidnapping was part of the robbery of Northern Bank headquarters in Belfast, where her husband worked.</p><br>
<p>John of Gaunt’s Palace was a late 14th. century Merchant’s House which stood in the lower part of the Lincoln High Street, opposite the St Mary Guildhall. It was progressively demolished from the late 18th century until the 1960s. The very fine oriel window from the building has been preserved in the gatehouse of Lincoln Castle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The palace was initially built by a member of the wealthy Sutton family of Lincoln merchants in the latter years of the 14th. century, on land immediately to the north of St Andrews church. Research into the history of the building by Sir Francis Hill greatly clarified its early ownership. More recently the study of early drawings and maps by David Stocker has made it possible to reconstruct the layout of the building. Stocker suggested The building was probably built by John of Gaunts vassal John de Sutton, a wealthy merchant and mayor of Lincoln in 1386. However S.H. Rigby has made out a case that the palaces was originally built by Robert Sutton the brother of John, also a mayor of Lincoln and vassal of Gaunt, who is known to have built a house on the land to the north of St Andrews Church before 1386.</p><br>
<h3>Architectural History</h3><br>
<p>The house was probably constructed in the late 14th century, and its form represents a wealthy merchant&#39;s town house with a hall and services parallel to the High Street, and an east-west range to the rear of the street front range which contained the great hall and privy chambers. There was also a possible lodgings block to the north of the main street front range, which had the arms of John of Gaunt along with other heraldic shields shown above the doors. This lodging block may have accommodated John of Gaunt during his visit to Lincoln in 1386.</p><br>
<p>A drawing by Samuel Hieronymus Grimm shows a building described as the Old Hospital abutting on to the hall range with its two fine late medieval windows. These buildings were on the west side behind the High Street frontage of the palace. The Hospital building should date from around 1500 and the lozenge shaped terminals to the doorway and the sunken panels to the spandrels find a very close parallel with the Chancery, in Minster Yard, Lincoln. This is probably the building that Edward James Willson mentions as having been demolished around 1810 and it is not shown on J. S. Padley&#39;s survey of Lincoln in 1842.</p><br>
<p>John of Gaunts palace was substantially re-built in 1849, becoming an ‘ordinary-looking stone-built property’ which survived until the 1960s, when it was demolished to make way for a garage extension. One of the hall windows, recorded by Edward James Willson did survive into the 1940s. A series of stone foundations and walls aligned east-west and north-south were recorded in February 2008, during trial trenching at 116 High Street, Lincoln. It is likely that these relate to John of Gaunts Palace.The earliest phase of wall construction may represent an earlier building demolished to make way for the merchants house in the later 14th century. Pottery of 13th-15th century date was recovered.</p><br>
<h3>Colonel Bromhead's House</h3><br>
<p>Grimm also records another building just to the north of the palace which he describes as Colonel Bromhead&#39;s House. This fronts onto the High Street. This is an interesting example of the Lincolnshire Artisan Mannerism style of house building of the mid-17th century. It was built of brick for Alderman Original Peart in 1646, and was one of the earliest examples of brick building in Lincoln. It passed from him to the Bromhead family.</p><br>
<h3>Andrews Church, St Andrews Hall and St Andrews Cottages</h3><br>
<p>To the south of John of Gaunts Palace was St Andrews Church, and to the south of this, over the entrance to Gaunt Street and on the site of the former Lincoln Arms stood a Norman house known as the St Andrews Hall. Just before its demolition in 1783 it was recorded by Samuel Hieronymus Grimm. His drawing shows that it was very similar to the Jews House and the Norman House on the Straight and Steep Hill in Lincoln. His drawing also shows that St Andrews Hall was immediately adjacent to St Andrews Cottages which are a row shops that are still standing. The Grade II* listed Romanesque door arch of St Andrews Hall, dating from about 1150, salvaged during demolition in 1783 was re-sited in 1907 in the former Lincoln Arms now Bang and Olufsen. It is situated in a first floor rear room and is constructed of limestone. The outer arch has a complex double chevron moulding enhanced by an early form of dogtooth moulding.The inner arch has keeled roll moulding flanked by quirks and hollows.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Exley C.L., and Williamson D.M., (1955), Some notes on St Andrew&#39;s Hall, Wigford, Lincoln Architectural and Archaeological Society, V0l 6, 118-120.</p><br>
<p>Hill, J.W.F., (1948), Medieval Lincoln, Cambridge University Press, pp163, 167, & 168.</p><br>
<p>Rigby S.H., (2000), John of Gaunt’s Palace and the Sutton Family of Lincoln. Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Vol. 35, pp35–40</p><br>
<p>Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, (1963), Monuments Threatened or Destroyed, A Select List: 1956-1962.</p><br>
<p>Stocker, D.A., (1999), A Very Goodly House Longging to Sutton…" A Reconstruction of John of Gaunt&#39;s Palace, Lincoln in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology. Vol. 34,</p><br>
<p>Stocker, D.A., et al (1991).St Mary&#39;s Guildhall, Lincoln. The Survey and Excavation of a Medieval Building Complex C.B.A. /City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit:The Archaeology of Lincoln, VolXII-1.</p><br>
<p>Stocker D. (ed) (2016), Vernacular Architecture Group, Spring Conference 2016: Lincolnshire, March 29th to April 1st 2016, Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology.pp17-18.</p><br>
<p>The Rand House, nicknamed "Random", is a historic house in Monticello, Minnesota, United States, constructed in 1884 and now operating as a bed and breakfast. It was the centerpiece of a summer estate owned by Minneapolis businessman Rufus Rand, Sr., and his wife Susan Mealey. The Rand House and a nearby building were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as the Rufus Rand Summer House and Carriage Barn for having local significance in the themes of architecture, commerce, and entertainment/recreation. They were nominated for being representative of the late-19th-century country estates built by Twin Cities businessmen, their Queen Anne architecture, and association with Rand, a prominent utility executive.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rand House is a -story wood-frame building with 30 rooms. It stands on a hill southeast of downtown Monticello. Queen Anne architectural features include a polygonal corner tower, wraparound porches, patterned shingles on the gables, irregular plan, and multi-gabled roof. Built as a summer home, the house had open porches and large windows. Exterior window shutters were affixed to help seal the house up over the winter.</p><br>
<p>The carriage barn is a -story frame building south of the main house. In 1952 it was converted to a single-family home under separate ownership.</p><br>
<p>The estate grounds once featured an arboretum, swimming pool, windmill, and flower gardens, all ringed by a lilac hedge. Only traces of the gardens and walls remain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rufus Rand was the vice-president of the Minneapolis Gas Light Company in 1884 when he married Susan Mealey, daughter of state senator Tobias Mealey. As a gift the bride&#39;s parents gave a prominent hilltop property near their own house on the outskirts of Monticello, and Rand invited his new wife to design a summer home for them as her wedding gift. As railway connections to the countryside around Minneapolis–Saint Paul emerged, it had become common for wealthy businessmen from the cities to construct rural estates for summer getaways.</p><br>
<p>Rand ultimately became president of the Gas Light Company and died in 1921. The house remained in the Rand family for over 60 years. During World War II the USA Army Air Corps was training glider pilots in Monticello, and the Rand family loaned them the property for officers&#39; quarters. The house was later converted for use as a nursing home, then a funeral home. In 1986 it was acquired by Duffy and Merrill Busch, who renovated the property and began operating it as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Cooloola Tramway is a heritage-listed tramway at Great Sandy National Park, Cooloola Recreation Area, Cooloola, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 1870s it was known as the Kaloola Railway. It is also known as Cooloola Railway, SEQ-5N 22, Pettigrews Railway, and Pettigrews Tramway. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Pettigrews Cooloola timber operation began in the 1860s with the extraction of timber from Woolann (the area around Lake Poona). Bullock teams were used to drag Kauri pine logs to the mouth of Searys Creek. The sandy nature of the terrain and lack of feed for horses and bullocks made traditional forms of timber transport unfeasible and Pettigrew had to find a solution to access the rich timber of inland Cooloola. The answer was the construction of a tramway: Cooloola Tramway opening in October 1873 as Queensland&#39;s first major private railway.</p><br>
<p>Of all Queensland&#39;s natural resources "timber was the most visible and abundant to the first Europeans". Early European accounts of Queensland frequently refer to the extensive stands of timber which lined the coast and river banks. In south-east Queensland the dominant timber species were softwoods such as Hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii) and Kauri pine (Agathis robusta). When Moreton Bay was opened up to free settlement in 1842 the colony did not have a sawmill and logged timber was either pit sawn and used locally, or sent south for milling and/or export.</p><br>
<p>The timber industry played a vital role in the economic development of Queensland and William Pettigrew was instrumental in this process. He was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1825 and came to Moreton Bay in 1849 as one of Dr John Dunmore Langs immigrants on board the "Fortitude". Pettigrew was engaged as a surveyor and land agent by Lang. When Langs immigration scheme collapsed, Pettigrew worked with Assistant Government Surveyor, James Warner. In this role he gained "first-hand knowledge of the local timber resources and the need for a sawmill to facilitate the expansion following the transformation of Brisbane from convict settlement to free society".</p><br>
<p>In 1853 Pettigrew established Queenslands first steam sawmill on land adjacent to the Brisbane River, at the western corner of William and Margaret streets in Brisbane. According to Kerr, Pettigrews sawmill was arguably Queensland&#39;s first major industrial enterprise. With the establishment of this sawmill, Brisbane became the key local market for timber. William Sim, an experienced timber worker from Nairn, near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands, began working at the Brisbane Saw Mills in August 1854. With Sim in charge, the quality of product improved and production increased.</p><br>
<p>The first sawmill to be opened in Maryborough was Gladwell and Greatheads Union Sawmill in 1861, which established the city as a timber-getting town. Pettigrew was anxious to retain his monopoly in Queensland and began to explore the Maryborough area, looking for new sources of timber and a site for a sawmill to supply the northern ports of Gladstone, Rockhampton and Bowen. In August 1862, Pettigrew explored the Mary River with Tom Petrie and in October decided on the site for his sawmill - 10 mi downriver from Maryborough. On Pettigrews return to Brisbane, he established a partnership agreement with Sim, who paid £200 for a quarter share in the new firm of Pettigrew and Sim. The new sawmill was called Dundathu and began operating in August 1863.</p><br>
<p>The Maryborough timber industry industrialised and grew rapidly during the 1860s. In 1876 more timber (mainly sawn pine) was produced in Maryborough than had been exported from Queensland in the preceding 10 years. A number of firms were established including Wilson, Hart and Bartholomew; and James Fairlie. Despite early competition from Gladwell and Greathead&#39;s Union Sawmill, Dundathu Sawmill quickly proved profitable, shipping timber to Sydney, Gladstone, Rockhampton and Bowen.</p><br>
<p>Pettigrew continued to seek out timber resources which could be milled at Dundathu. In September 1863, he set off in the paddle steamer Gneering to search for stands of timber that were reported to exist in the Noosa area. On his return Pettigrew concluded that the timber was disappointing and inaccessible. However, others did not agree and by the end of 1863, timber-getters were operating in the lower Noosa area. Pettigrew turned his attention to the north, and in late June 1865 Pettigrew landed at the head of Tin Can Bay to examine the area further.</p><br>
<p>His discovery of Kauri pine in the Woolann area of north Cooloola provided the main source of timber for the Dundathu Sawmill. By 1865, Pettigrews men were using bullock teams to drag Kauri pine logs from Woolann (the area around Lake Poona). Early timber-getters are recorded as using a corduroy crossing of tea-tree branches and saplings to cross the tidal flats in the northern Cooloola area. Pettigrews men dragged the logs to the mouth of Seary&#39;s Creek, tied them into large rafts and towed them through the Tin Can Bay Inlet, Great Sandy Strait and up the Mary River. Tugs were then used to haul the rafts of timber to Dundathu.</p><br>
<p>The sandy nature of the terrain and lack of feed for horses and bullocks made the use of draught animals for transport very difficult. Pettigrew needed to develop a more expedient alternative. In July 1865 Pettigrew noted in his diary that 5? or 6 miles (8.85 km or 9.66 km) of railway, the majority of which would cross flat, "barren" sandy country, would enable the timber to be taken out of inland Cooloola to Tin Can Bay. Pettigrew had previously written to Arthur Macalister-the Minister for Lands and Works-about a railway between his operations on the Maroochy and Mooloolah rivers, and was told that the government would not fund railways, and therefore they must be private. In 1863 Pettigrew had begun to experiment with horse-drawn wagons on timber tramlines in the yard of Dundathu and installed wooden-railed lines and turntables to transport the timber around the large sawmill.</p><br>
<p>By 1864 Pettigrew had become concerned that the "unbridled competition" permitted by the Timber Regulations was causing quarrels among timber-getters and encouraged over-cutting and waste. Pettigrew wrote to Macalister in April 1864, "setting out arguments for protecting timber-getters who made improvements such as roads for the extraction of timber, but could not then prevent others from using them". In response, Macalister introduced special timber licences in 1864 which gave their holders exclusive rights to cut and remove timber from specified areas where ordinary timber licences did not apply. The Crown Lands Alienation Act 1868 opened up the Noosa area for selection. By April 1869, Pettigrew was concerned that the new selection laws might override his Special Timber Licences and allow selectors to take over his Kauri pine forests in northern Cooloola. As a result, he sent Surveyor Byrne to survey his land at Woolann, which became Portions 1 and 2, Parish of Cooloola. On 3 May 1869, Pettigrew applied for the selections in the name of his partner William Sim. By this time, Pettigrew had lost the best timber at Noosa, the Kin Kin Creek timber, to merchants and sawmillers McGhie, Luya and Co who established the Kin Kin Sawmill.</p><br>
<p>The forests of Cooloola were physically difficult to exploit and remote from the settlements at Brisbane, Maryborough and Gympie, however, the extent and quality of the resource first attracted independent cutters and later sawmillers to the area. Sawmillers operating in the area included Wilson, Hart and Co. of Maryborough; Hyne and Son of Maryborough; Ramsay and Co. of Mungar, Ferguson and Co. of Gympie; and Dath, Henderon and Co. of Tewantin. However, the 2 firms that dominated the trade in Cooloola were Pettigrew and Sim at Tin Can Inlet in the north, and McGhie, Luya and Co. on the Noosa River in the south. After the Gympie gold rush of 1867, demand for timber increased exponentially and the timber industries of Maryborough and Cooloola boomed.</p><br>
<p>In October 1872, Pettigrew and Sim arrived at Cooloola and began surveying a route for a tramway. By this time their men were extracting timber from Thannae Scrub (located to the south of Woolann), and taking it out through Cooloola Creek. Pettigrew located a suitable terminus on Cooloola Creek and commenced surveying a tramway towards Thannae Scrub. Its construction was underway by January 1873. Pettigrew planned the technical details of the line and ordered materials, and Sim supervised the laying of the track. Sim contributed some of the funds for the tramway by purchasing a further quarter-share in Pettigrew and Sim for £3,750 in September 1871.</p><br>
<p>The locomotive for the tramway was built especially for the line by John Walker and Co of Maryborough. According to Pettigrew, it was "the first locomotive built in Queensland". The locomotive was named "Mary Ann" after the daughters of Sim and Pettigrew: Mary Ann Sim, born 21 February 1856, and Mary Ann Pettigrew, born 25 December 1865. The design of the engine was described as: "... a compact little affair, of peculiar make, the cylinder, boiler, and working parts being upright, not horizontal, as in most ordinary locomotives. The reason for this arrangement is found in the necessity for placing the wheels at as short a distance from each other as possible in order to admit of the locomotive working smoothly round the sharp curves that must necessarily occur on a line rudely laid down in an unsettled and often rough country".</p><br>
<p>The locomotive made a test run on wooden rails laid down Bowen Street on 30 June 1873. According to the Maryborough Chronicle "many of the inhabitants, both old and young, spent a pleasant hour in riding to and fro on the novel conveyance". Pettigrew was proud of their accomplishment and ordered 7 copies of a photograph of the engine, sending them with explanatory letters to: Governor Normanby, the Minister for Works; the editor of The Courier; politician Charles Lilley; journalist Theophilus Parsons Pugh; architect FGD Stanley and engineer John Sinclair. After the trials the "Mary Ann" was immediately shipped to Tin Can Bay.</p><br>
<p>In July 1873 Pettigrew joined Sim to inspect progress and try out the "Mary Ann" on the tramway. The rails were sawn at Maryborough, and taken by steamer to the tramway. The "Mary Ann" itself was used to saw the Cypress pine sleepers for the tramway as the line progressed. Pettigrew explained the process in his letter to the Governor dated 5 August 1873:It is now at work preparing its line from Thannae to Tin Can Bay. On side of framing is seen a pulley. This is for driving a circular saw bench for cutting up the sleepers. The bench is mounted on two trucks, and is taken along the line as required...The country is barren sandy ground, and the line...is over pretty even ground, requiring no cutting or banking at least as far as yet made. Steepest gradient is about 1 in 18. Gauge 3 ft 3 in; rails are off spotted gum 4" x 3" but are found to be rather light for weight of engine which is about 6 tons. They are now being made of 4 ?" x 3". The cross sleepers are of Cypress pine 7" x 4 ?" and are notched to receive the rails, and are fastened together by wedges....The ends of the rails require to be bolted or pegged to sleepers but has not yet been done. We estimate that the engine will be able to bring 400 cubic feet of Dundathu pine logs at a trip and at a speed of from 6 to 8 miles per house. The two miles already laid has cost about £200 per mile.The line was opened on 29 October 1873 after 3? miles (5.63 km) had been laid. An official opening and celebratory picnic hosted by the Sim family was held on 30 October with a number of Maryborough&#39;s leading citizens attending. Guests travelled up and down the line and were given a parbuckling demonstration (the lifting of timber onto the train). Pettigrew could not attend, but Sim told the gathering that "Mr Pettigrew was at one with him in all these works".</p><br>
<p>Pettigrews tramway was Queenslands first major private railway. According to Kerr "the early adoption of tramways for hauling logs, and its influence on the development on the railways system in Queensland, centres on one man, William Pettigrew". The success of the Cooloola Tramway in drawing logs from inaccessible places and over difficult terrain encouraged other sawmillers to build light tramways. For example, in the mid-1870s McGhie, Luya and Co. constructed a tramway system across their property on Lake Cootharaba to their sawmill at Mill Point to overcome swampy, low-lying and poorly drained ground conditions. Pettigrews influence on railways spread beyond the Cooloola area. In 1874 and 1879, he provided advice on the construction and use of tramways. He used his own tramway to demonstrate that a railway could be built for less than £1000 per mile; only a fraction of the cost of government railways, and critics began to condemn government extravagance. The fact that Pettigrews and other private tramways were never designed to perform the haulage tasks required of government railways was not mentioned by the critics, however the cheap construction of the former did force a reduction in Government standards.</p><br>
<p>Less than 3 weeks after the opening of the Cooloola tramway, William Sim was killed. Sim and a man named Cooper were unloading a log 5 feet in diameter when the log fell off the truck before the men were ready and crushed Sim. Cooper was injured but not killed. According to the Maryborough Chronicle, William Sim was "one who has, in no small degree, contributed towards raising Maryborough to its present position of industrial and commercial prosperity". Pettigrew&#39;s close relationship with Sim is evident in a statement he made in 1900: "Till I got William Sim, nothing worth speaking of was done".</p><br>
<p>After the death of William Sim, Pettigrew continued an association with the Sim family, and the Maryborough firm became known as Pettigrew and Company. During the late 1870s and early 1880s, Pettigrews Maryborough interests were managed by William Menzies (the husband of Mary Ann Sim) and William Sims sons; James Sim Tertius and William Simpson Sim. As time passed, members of the Sim family increased their shareholdings in the firm Pettigrew and Co., until they owned more than two-thirds of the business.</p><br>
<p>William Sims death and the destruction of the Brisbane Saw Mill by fire for the second time in 1874 postponed extensions to the Cooloola Tramway. At the time of Sims death a little over half of the planned 7 mi tramway had been constructed, however, on 25 May 1875 Pettigrew ordered 2 tons of 23 lb railway iron from Smellie and Co which was enough for approximately 100 yd of rail. The planned extension of the tramway was in 2 directions: from the inland terminus (near what later became the site of the Forestry Department&#39;s Camp Milo) to a new terminus in the Broutha Scrub; and 1 mi from Cooloola Creek (the original coastal terminus) north-west to a new coastal terminus at Poverty Point.</p><br>
<p>In late October 1875, Pettigrew began to survey the extension from the first inland terminus into the Broutha Scrub. On a survey map dated 1876, timber-getter camps are recorded at the Broutha and Thannae waterholes with several structures relating to these camps. The Broutha and Thannae scrubs lay within a 1000-acre selection, Portion 274, which was held in the name of William Sim. Pettigrew carried out surveys and James Sim Tertius supervised the laying of the track. In November 1875, Pettigrew negotiated with Walker and Co for a second locomotive for £550, and a boiler (6 x 3 ft) for £22 (which may have been used to operate the winding engine). The new engine was called Dundathu and began running on 21 September 1876. The design of the locomotive Dundathu differed to the Mary Ann in that it had a neat cab with iron stanchions and a corrugated roof which protected the driver from all weather. All the gearing for starting, braking and reversing the locomotive were connected so as to be immediately under the driver&#39;s hand.</p><br>
<p>Pettigrew had to overcome a number of obstacles in the construction of the tramway extension. Blocking the planned route were 2 ridges to the east of the original inland terminus and a third ridge which led into "the hollow" (or Broutha Scrub). To overcome the first 2 ridges, Pettigrew cut 2 steep-sided passes through them and filled the gully between them with the sand removed from the cuts, to ensure a gentle gradient. This formation was the only substantial earthworks carried out by Pettigrew on the route of the railway. The third ridge rose steeply over 200 ft to a height of 484 ft, followed by a descent of 182 ft into Thannae Scrub. After persistent survey work, Pettigrew decided on 20 November 1876 to abandon the attempt to survey a conventional line down into the Broutha Scrub and opted for a balanced incline tramway. This entailed positioning a stationary winding engine on the top of the ridge. The tramway track came up the ridge on a side cut, crossed it and ran down into the Broutha Scrub on an embankment. A loaded wagon was kept on top of the ridge at all times so that "the effort of raising the loaded wagons, one at a time, was counter-balanced by the weight of the descending wagon", creating 2 isolated systems for locomotive purposes. The "Mary Ann" was used within Broutha Scrub to haul loaded wagons to the foot of the ridge, and the "Dundathu" took them from the other side of the ridge to the coast. The railway line was completed to its final inland terminus past Broutha Scrub in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The residence of Robert Black, who managed Pettigrew and Sim&#39;s Cooloola operations, was located behind the Cooloola Creek landing place. It is likely that other timber-getters or workers on the line may have had residences within this area. A sawmill named "Kaloola" was constructed along the line. It was erected for the purpose of sawing up hardwood, principally for renewing the rails, consisted of a shed which measured 60 by, and was described as high and airy and roofed with sheet iron. A windmill was installed at the site of the sawmill to water the engine. The water used for this purpose was pumped from a waterhole.</p><br>
<p>In July 1877, Pettigrew went with James Sim Tertius to the Cooloola Railway and surveyed the coastward extension. The original terminus on the eastern bank of Cooloola Creek was proving unsatisfactory, and Sim decided to extend the line across the creek and north-west to Poverty Point. The completed line was between 8 and long.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, Pettigrew told the Tramways Select Committee that he expected his tramway to last at least 10 years. Ten years later the operation did cease, and in March 1884, Pettigrew paid 2 final visits to the tramway and the timber-getters&#39; camps at Broutha and Thannae waterholes. With the closure of the Cooloola tramway and increased competition from the other Maryborough sawmills, Dundathu lost the pre-eminence it had held since the 1860s. The locomotives "Mary Ann" and "Dundathu" and the stationary steam engine were sent back to Dundathu Sawmill and put up for sale. Pettigrew notes in his diary in March 1884 that 2 locomotives of 3 ft gauge were up for sale, as well as truck wheels, axles, a windmill and pump, wheels and pinion. The engines were not sold, possibly due to their unusual gauge, and in January 1885 it was reported that the engines were being held in a shed at Dundathu.</p><br>
<p>During the 1890s the timber industry in Cooloola entered a period of decline. As a result of the competitive and aggressive extraction of timber, the resource became depleted and most of the timber-getters and sawmillers were leaving the area. In the late nineteenth century, William Pettigrew, Richard Hyne and Abraham Luya spoke in the Queensland Parliament about the need for forest conservation. Although parts of Cooloola had been gazetted as Timber Reserves from the mid- 1880s, it was not until the State Forests and National Parks Act 1906 created the Queensland Forest Service that proper forest management was employed.</p><br>
<p>The Dundathu Sawmill was damaged in the February floods of 1893 and then completely destroyed by fire in December the same year. The combination of the Brisbane floods in 1893 and 1898, the destruction of the Brisbane Saw Mills in 1874 and the Dundathu Sawmill by fire in 1893, and the enveloping economic depression brought Pettigrew&#39;s sawmilling empire to an end. On 26 July 1898 Pettigrew signed a petition of insolvency. Pettigrew died in Bowen on 28 October 1906 owning few assets. The obituaries described Pettigrew as "the pioneer sawmiller of Queensland" and the "father of the Queensland timber industry".</p><br>
<p>Pettigrew&#39;s contribution to Queensland extended beyond his influence on the timber industry. He served as an Alderman on the Brisbane Municipal Council from 1863–66, 1868–73 and 1878–85 as Mayor of Brisbane in 1870-71; as a member of the first Caboolture Divisional Board from 1880-83 (being Chairman in 1881), and was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council in 1877 (resigning in 1894). Pettigrew was also a member of various boards, including the North Brisbane School of Arts, the National (Agricultural and Industrial) Association and the Philosophical Society (Royal Society from 1883) of Queensland, and boards of health. He was a founder of the Caledonian Association, and a trustee of the Paddington and Toowong cemeteries. Pettigrew was an elder and trustee in Presbyterian congregations and helped to establish a theological college, Divinity Hall, and the Queensland Evangelical Standard newspaper.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 and 1924 surveyors assessed Cooloolas remaining timber resources, and the extraction of timber (mainly hardwoods) continued. Areas associated with Pettigrews nineteenth century operations, including the Poverty Point terminus site and the former tramway route were utilized during the twentieth century. The Poverty Point firebreak which is believed to follow the tramway route in part was widened in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s a conflict over sand mining, forestry and future development in the region began. In 1970, environmental conservationists successfully fought to preserve Cooloola from sand mining. Queensland Titanium Mines, a subsidiary of American National Lead, was the principal mining company involved in the Cooloola controversy. In 1975, the Cooloola National Park (now the Great Sandy National Park) was gazetted. The western catchment of the Noosa River and the high dunes of northern Cooloola were later added to it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Cooloola Tramway is located within the Cooloola Recreation Area, of the Great Sandy National Park, which lies between the coastal towns of Noosa Heads and Rainbow Beach. The first section of the tramway ran from the entrance of Cooloola Creek to a site near the former Forestry Department&#39;s Camp Milo. It was later extended into Broutha Scrub and the coastal terminus was changed from Cooloola Creek to Poverty Point.</p><br>
<h3>Tramway route</h3><br>
<p>The complete route of the tramway is currently unconfirmed.</p><br>
<p>The tramway route is aligned with the Poverty Point firebreak, located on a slightly elevated ridge, for at least a portion of the firebreak. The site of the sawmill and windmill referred to in an article of Maryborough Chronicle may be located at a depression in the firebreak, just over 1 mi from the Cooloola Creek terminus site. It is believed the windmill was located near the low-lying swampy area north of the Poverty Point firebreak, and the sawmill on the high ground south of the firebreak. Several stumps (possibly building stumps) have previously been located to the south-west of the firebreak, potentially marking the sawmill site.</p><br>
<p>A route thought to be the continuance of the tramway begins east of the termination of the Poverty Point firebreak at Rainbow Beach Road and continues through vegetation to the entrance of the Eastern Firebreak (Pettigrew&#39;s Road). The route is particularly discernible in certain sections due to a clearly visible depression along the firebreak; the absence of regrowth along the track, and the way in which surrounding trees have arched over the track. Other portions of the route are harder to identify, with heavy regrowth and fallen branches. This route provides a smooth and direct line for the tramway from where it would have crossed Rainbow Beach Road to the Camp Milo area, the location of the first inland tramway terminus prior to its extension into the Broutha Scrub.</p><br>
<p>Following the eastern firebreak past the site of Camp Milo, a series of cuttings and an embankment are evident. The presence of these features indicates that this portion of the firebreak aligns with Pettigrew&#39;s tramway route. It has been used as a road since the tramway closed and the engineering features are still very recognisable. Along the cuttings, the firebreak track is 3.3m wide. The portion of embankment is 4.9m wide with a slope of 9.5m at an angle of 45 degrees. The height of the embankment is approximately 5m. Beyond the cuttings and an embankment, the firebreak heads down into a more densely forested area.</p><br>
<p>The tramway line is believed to have deviated from the Eastern firebreak at some point after the cuttings, as the firebreak becomes winding and steep and not suitable for the course of a tramway. A likely deviation of the tramway from the firebreak is located approximately halfway between Camp Milo and the site of the stationary winding engine. This route would have continued through the scrub, eventually climbing the incline and crossing the eastern firebreak to stationary winding engine. A route is clearly visible through the scrub with trees having grown around the track.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the ridge above Broutha Scrub is the original site of the stationary winding engine. It is marked by a sign with the words "Site of steam engine and winch". The remains of this operation, including large bedlogs and metal fittings, are buried here.</p><br>
<h3>Broutha Scrub</h3><br>
<p>From the site of the stationary winding engine, the tramway descended south-east into Broutha Scrub. The tramway route into the scrub is still visible as an embankment approximately 4m wide. This continues into Broutha Scrub to the tramway&#39;s second inland terminus.</p><br>
<p>Investigations in Broutha Scrub have identified some wooden rails of the line still intact and in-situ, used to identify where the route of the tramway through the scrub ran. Other artefacts previously found within this area include bolts, a broken wheel, a grease tin and a knife.</p><br>
<h3>Poverty Point</h3><br>
<p>At Poverty Point, the site of the second coastal terminus, are the remains of a set of timber skids. Sawn logs were offloaded from the trams and rolled along these skids out into the bay for rafting. These skids are likely to relate to the later Hyne and Son timber-getting operation but may also overlay Pettigrew&#39;s use of the site. The eastern section of the skids is located on higher land towards the scrub. Substantially submerged, the lengths of three sizable logs are still visible, orientated from south-west to north-east. The south- western extent of the skids is the most exposed due to grading of this area by a 4WD track. The log lengths vary the northern log is 26m long; the middle log is 23.3m; and the southern one is 3.6m. The visible extent of the southern log is much shorter than the other two and is almost completely submerged under vegetation. The logs run almost parallel to each other with a variation of less than 5 degrees. The distance between the northern and middle logs is 2.4m and 2.69m between the middle and southern ones. The mean diameter of the logs is 33 cm.</p><br>
<p>The western section of the skids is located within the intertidal zone. Nine logs, predominantly orientated at 230 degrees towards the bay, were visible at low tide. Only a small portion of these intertidal logs are visible above the sand and it is likely they extend even further into Tin Can Bay.</p><br>
<h3>Cooloola Creek</h3><br>
<p>A timber bridge is located at the point where the Poverty Point firebreak crosses Cooloola Creek. The bridge has been constructed with 4 layers of logs. The top layer has 6 longitudinal log beams; the second layer consists of 2; the third layer consists of 2 cross beams; and the fourth layer consists of 2 longitudinal log beams. The bridge measures 8.6m x 3.7m. No bolts have been used in its construction; it appears to have been repaired over time. While this bridge would have been used by bullock teams post-dating Pettigrew&#39;s operation, the lower layers of the bridge, earthworks and inlaid timber on either side of the crossing may comprise part of a crossing used by Pettigrew and Sim.</p><br>
<p>Just north of the Cooloola Creek timber bridge, a likely deviation of the tramway leading to Poverty Point has previously been identified, evident as a distinct cutting that follows an orientation of 280 degrees.</p><br>
<p>The first tramway terminus site is located on the northern bank of Cooloola Creek. One cross beam, positioned against the bank, with 2 logs running perpendicular to it, relates to the use of this site as a terminus. A narrow strip of higher ground which extends to the east of the bank has previously been identified as a possible route for the tramway from the terminus site.</p><br>
<h3>Tin Can Bay Inlet (between North Cooloola Point and Cameron Point)</h3><br>
<p>A corduroy crossing is located within a north facing inlet of Tin Can Bay. Its location and orientation suggests it would have provided access to the Seary&#39;s Creek rafting ground. A series of logs have been laid parallel to each other, in a north-south orientation, each approximately 3m long, to create the crossing which is 90m in length. Some sections of the crossing remain intact with logs 10 cm apart.</p><br>
<p>Immediately north of the corduroy crossing is a feature previously identified as a wagon. All that remains are 2 sawn pieces of timber, approximately 32 cm at their widest point, partially submerged, with only 25 cm of the feature exposed above the ground. The feature is 1.94m long. The western of the 2 pieces of timber has an iron bolt through it.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the purported "wagon" are 2 wheels (previously identified as wagon wheels). Both are submerged in the sand, however the diameter of the first wheel (the northernmost of the two) could be discerned as 2.1m. The second wheel is located 60 cm from the first.</p><br>
<p>The corduroy crossing may have been re-laid over time and as such surviving remnants may relate to Pettigrew&#39;s operation or a later timber-getting operation.</p><br>
<h3>Seary's Creek</h3><br>
<p>The feature identified previously as a rafting ground is located on the northern foreshore of Searys Creek. Fourteen hardwood logs are laid out from the bank into the creek. Unlike the skids identified at Poverty Point, this ramp features logs running perpendicular to each other, orientated in either a north-east to south-west or north-west to south-east direction. The north-east to south-west logs run perpendicular to the shore, towards the creek. The north-west to south-east logs have been positioned under the more inland set of north-east to south-west logs. It appears that this has been done to add height to the inland section of the ramp, enabling sawn logs to better slide down into Searys Creek.</p><br>
<p>Along the north-western extent of this feature, the timber orientated north-west to south-east terminates with a stepped cut, allowing a log to sit securely underneath.</p><br>
<p>The rafting ground may have been re-laid over time and surviving remnants may relate to Pettigrew&#39;s operation or a later timber-getting operation.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Cooloola Tramway was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The tramway is important in demonstrating the early expansion of Queensland&#39;s timber industry and the development of private railways in the State in the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The Wide Bay-Burnett region was historically one of Queenslands most important timber producing regions. The remains of the Searys Creek rafting ground and related corduroy crossing, and the Cooloola tramway provide rare surviving evidence of the earliest period of the timber industry in this region.</p><br>
<p>The Cooloola tramway constructed by Pettigrew and Sim, in operation from 1873 to 1884, was the first major private railway in Queensland. Its success encouraged other timber-getting operations to use tramways to access remote timber resources and influenced the Queensland Government&#39;s construction of cheaper railways.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The ephemeral nature of extraction activities and regrowth of vegetation has left little apparent evidence of timber-getters activities during the earliest period of the timber industry in Queensland. Archaeological investigation into the tramway has the potential to reveal important information that will contribute to our understanding of the development of Queenslands timber industry.</p><br>
<p>Further investigations into the tramway may help determine the exact route, construction and operation of the tramway. Sub-surface investigations have previously revealed artefacts relating to the operation of the line.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigation may also reveal material relating to the camps and settlement which were established in relation to the tramway. This material has the potential to contribute to our understanding of the organisation and domestic life of remote timber settlements that existed in late nineteenth century Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The tramway has strong aesthetic values derived from a picturesque setting incorporating beaches, inlets, creeks, scrubs and forests. Remaining evidence of the tramway set against the otherwise natural environment, elicits an appreciation of the tenacity required to construct the tramway in such a remote area and across such inhospitable terrain.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The tramway has a special association with William Pettigrew. Under the business partnership of Pettigrew and Sim, the tramway was constructed to supply timber to their Maryborough sawmill Dundathu. While the influence of Sim occurred mainly in the Maryborough area, Pettigrew made an important contribution to the development of the state&#39;s timber industry, and in turn the economic development of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Pettigrew, an important and influential pioneer of the Queensland timber industry, established Brisbane&#39;s first steam sawmill and conducted extensive timber-getting and processing operations between Brisbane and Maryborough during the colonial period.</p><br>
<p>Roberts Park is a historic public park and national historic district located at Connersville, Fayette County, Indiana. The parkland was donated to the city of Connersville in 1902. The 80-acre, rectangular site includes the contributing stone wall lined drives, stone pillars with lamps, a sundial, the Pavilion , Amphitheatre , Horse Track , Judge&#39;s Stand , Horse Barns , Liberty Building , Police Building , James E. Roberts Memorial Building , and the Roberts Park Pool . A number of park improvements were made by the Works Progress Administration. Located in the park is the Longwood Covered Bridge, a non-contributing structure formerly listed on the National Register of Historic Places from 1981 to 1989.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Sliabh an Iarainn  is a large hill in County Leitrim, Ireland, its shape evolving to its present form by ice age glaciers moving southwest over millions of years, the Morainic drift heaping thousands of drumlins in the surrounding lowlands. Irish cultural folklore records strong association with the mythological "Tuatha De Dannan". Sliabh an Iarainn is an important natural heritage site with exposed marine and coastal fauna of paleontological interest</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name, originates from an appreciation Iron ore deposits are present. Boate (1652) said "". Sliabh an Iarainn was anciently named "", the "mountain of the Conmaicne Rein in Connacht". The Irish name spelling is commonly used, though pronounced and corrupted as "Slieve-An-Ierin".</p><br>
<h2>Natural heritage site</h2><br>
<p>Sliabh an Iarainn is an important natural heritage site due to unbroken sequence of Carboniferous marine fossils present in the rock layers spanning the Namurian (326-315 million years ago) and lower Westphalian (313-304 million years ago) stages of the Silesian (series). The Geological survey of Ireland (1878) wrote “”.</p><br>
<p>In her landmark study "The Palaeontology of the Namurian rocks of Slieve Anierin, County Leitrim, Eire", Patricia Yates (1962) demonstrated a "remarkable extent" of Namurian marine fauna bands, abundant with goniatite-Bivalvia, at Sliabh an Iarainn. She described some rock layers as particularly fossiliferous, the shale bands abundant with goniatite faunas and Bivalvia marine and freshwater molluscs. The unfossiliferous shales often contain numerous clay-ironstone bands making conditions intolerable for marine organisms. At most of the fossiliferous levels in the Namurian beds the number of goniatites and Bivalvia are usually very high with the diversity of species low. The richest and most diverse band in the succession at Sliabh an Iarainn, in terms of species present, contains Trilobites, brachiopods, gastropods, echinoids and Bryozoa. Fragments of trilobites occur abundantly at particular bands. Overall, Yates documented nearly 120 distinct fossiliferous sites around Sliabh an Iarainn, her work complimented by extensive photographs of often beautifully preserved fossils. Her study of Sliabh an Iarainn is considered important, being housed at the Murchison Museum, Imperial College, British Geological Survey Museum, and the Natural Museum in London.</p><br>
<p>Goniatite Fossils Found on the Shores of Lough Allen. Discover Nature at its purest.jpgGoniatite fossil</p><br>
<p>Natural Ireland.Fossils Found on Lough Allen.jpgFind from Lough Allen</p><br>
<p>Goniatite Fossils found on the shores of Lough Allen (Slieve Anierin).jpgMore specimens</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sliabh an Iarainn is an imposing "mountain" or Marilyn, the highest in county Leitrim, rising from the eastern shore of Lough Allen to a summit elevation of 586 m, towering over and dominating the rugged landscape On this summit at 520 m, a Triangulation station of the Ordnance Survey is fixed on a low concrete plinth.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Sliabh an Iarainn is composed of Carboniferous shales, and sandstones blanketed by heather-covered moorland, and located in an area of Upper Carboniferous rocks extending from the northern extremity of Lough Erne for about 48 km to the southern tip of Lough Allen. Shale is the dominant rock type throughout the Carboniferous succession, but a thick grit, with coal seams, occurs in the lower rock layers of 326-315 million years ago. At its greatest width the outcrop stretches eastwards towards Swanlinbar 32 km distant. The outcrop narrows northwards, interrupted by a deep shoreline indentation of Carboniferous Limestone around the Belcoo area, to the north of which it widens before rapidly narrowing towards Lough Erne.</p><br>
<p>Sliabh an Iarainn, at the southern end of this mass, and east of Lough Allen, is a flat topped mountain with a prominent and steep grit slope, easily mistaken for the summit from a distance, when in fact another 50 m of shales form a small residual outlier overlying this grit. There is a thick obscuring mantle of peat bog and glacial drift below the steep grit slope, with heather and peat bog forming a thick mantle over most of the upland plateau at the summit. Rocks are typically horizontal or gently dipping, except in land-slipped areas. Impressive landslides have occurred along the western face, and at the south-western and south-eastern corners of the mountain, indicating an appreciative magnitude of land-slipping.</p><br>
<p>Slieve Anierin Escarpment.jpgthumbSliabh an Iarainn Escarpment</p><br>
<p>Hillside above Timpaun - geograph.org.uk - 798083.jpgthumbHillside above Timpaun</p><br>
<p>Footbridge and Cliffs.jpgthumbFootbridge and Cliffs</p><br>
<p>Moorland and scattered trees at Ardlougher - geograph.org.uk - 1607445.jpgthumbMoorland and scattered trees at Ardlougher</p><br>
<p>South-eastern flanks of Slieve Anierin - geograph.org.uk - 796810.jpgthumbSouth-eastern flanks of Sliabh an Iarainn</p><br>
<p>The Yellow River - geograph.org.uk - 796642.jpgthumbThe Yellow River</p><br>
<p>Peatland Drainage, Slieve Anierin.jpgthumbChannel eroded in the peat close to summit</p><br>
<h3>Stratum</h3><br>
<p>The geological section from Lough Allen across Sliabh an Iarainn has the following general succession of strata-</p><br>
<p>Yoredale Beds or Namurian base.</p><br>
<p>Coarse grits. 9 m</p><br>
<p>Shales, limestones, and flags. 16.4 m</p><br>
<p>Shales with ironstone modules 241 m</p><br>
<p>Millstone Grit:</p><br>
<p>Crow coal with shale layers. 1.2 m</p><br>
<p>Flag Grits 2.4 m</p><br>
<p>Shales 500 m</p><br>
<p>Coarse grits 11 m</p><br>
<p>Coal seat, with plant remains 500 m</p><br>
<p>Middle coal 0.3 m</p><br>
<p>Shales 3.7 m</p><br>
<p>Coarse grits and flagstones 23 m</p><br>
<p>Lower coal measures:</p><br>
<p>Shales with marine fossils 228 m</p><br>
<p>The so-called "Yoredale beds" extend down to the edge of Lough Allen on the west, and to the top of the Carboniferous Limestone on the south and south-east. At the base of the succession occur limestones, calcareous mudstones, and sandstones, but from the base of the Namurian upwards shales are continuous until the millstone grit horizon.</p><br>
<h3>Coal field</h3><br>
<p>Sliabh an Iarainn is the most eastern part of the Connacht coal field. Well-marked escarpment lines are visible, partly exposed by lines of geological fault on all sides of the mountain valleys, the collapsed layers removed by denudation. The outcrop of two coal seams, crow coals with a sandstone roof and middle coal under a slate roof, are traceable some difficulty along the grit escarpment on the western side of Sliabh an Iarainn towards the Stony River valley, becoming completely obscured by drift deposits on the southern flanks, and on the eastern flanks to a mile North of Lough Nabellbeg continuing through the townlands of Sradrinagh and Cornamucklagh South obscured by a thick blanket of peat bog, becoming visible again further north on the western side of the hill at Cleighran More and Cleighran Beg where faults are evident. The outcrop of both coal seams is also traceable for 0.8 km along the south-eastern slopes of Bencroy. More than two coal seams may be present at Sliabh an Iarainn, though the only rocks observable over the coal seams (in the millstone grit) are the lower coal measure containing black and brown splintery shales of a considerable thickness at Bencroy to the east and Barnameenagh to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage</h2><br>
<h3>Literary project</h3><br>
<p>The &#39;Sliabh an Iarainn project is a literary initiative started in 2004 to write about the history of the people who inhabited the necklace of town lands on the flanks of Sliabh-an-Iarainn and Ben Croy, in county Leitrim. The goal was to preserve a memory of the Ultachs, Catholic refugees displaced out of Ulster in 1795 who made a home on the mountain, their experiences of famine and emigration, and the resilience of the remaining communities. This social history was released in three volumes-</p><br>
<p>Mountain Echoes, Sliabh an Iarainn’s Story (Vol. 1)</p><br>
<p>Mountain Shadows, Sliabh an Iarainn’s Story (Vol. 2)</p><br>
<p>Mountain Roots, Sliabh an Iarainn’s Story (Vol. 3)</p><br>
<h3>Muintir-Eolais lake</h3><br>
<p>In the remote mountainous Cuilcagh-Anierin uplands, an oligotrophic lake called "Lough Munter Eolas" is named after Eolais Mac Biobhsach and the Muintir Eolais, the most famous of the Leitrim sub-septs of the Conmaicne Rein). This lake straddles the border of Moneensauran townland in west Cavan and Slievenakilla townland in south Leitrim.</p><br>
<h3>Iron industry</h3><br>
<p>Iron Ore has been dug at Sliabh an Iarainn since the 1600s, the Ore rather tough like Spanish Iron. Commercial Iron works existed around Sliabh an Iarainn, and though nearly all were destroyed during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, they were revived after the Irish Confederate Wars at the earliest, or in the 1690s after the Battle of the Boyne. Many smelting works employed English or other foreigners instead of Irish labour which generated much local hostility. The siting of Smelting works contiguous to Lough Allen allowed for the transportation of Pig Iron in boats of up to forty tons. Commercial iron mining declined after as deforestation exhausted the fuel for burning charcoal.</p><br>
<h4>Cornashamsoge Furnace</h4><br>
<p>In the 17th century the Cornashamsoge smelting works founded. Local tradition says "". Cornashameogue is overlooked by the adjacent townland of.</p><br>
<h4>Sliabh an Iarainn Leat</h4><br>
<p>Local folklore recalls a so-called "Sliabh an Iarainn canal" connected with Cornashamsoge smelting works- "". His description best describes a Leat rather than a canal.</p><br>
<h4>Drumshanbo Furnace</h4><br>
<p>After the ironstone melted, the Pig iron was brought to Drumshanbo Finery forge to the south of Lough Allen to produce the malleable iron product which was transported to Dublin and Limerick by boat. Folklore claims the "". Drumshanbo Iron works closed in 1765.</p><br>
<h4>Ballinamore Iron works</h4><br>
<p>Ballinamore Iron works was established sometime after 1693 and continued production until probably 1747 when the business was put up for sale, the assets including a furnace, forge, slitting mill, mine yards, coal yards, large quantities of pig iron, mine and coals.</p><br>
<h4>Creevlea Iron works</h4><br>
<p>The last Iron works in Ireland, located at Creevelea in county Leitrim, closed around 1770 though they reopened again years later again. Crevelea works ceased production in 1858, and later attempts to revive the industry here complete failures.</p><br>
<h4>Swanlinbar Iron works</h4><br>
<p>There was an Iron works at Swanlinbar in county Cavan right at the far north-east corner of Sliabh an Iarainn, though it had closed by 1785 according to an observer who wrote- "".</p><br>
<h3>Coal industry</h3><br>
<p>In 1962, an attempt to mine the lower 1.1 m thick coal-seam located about 366 m west of the Rocking Stone ("Fionn MacCumhaill’s Rock") was abandoned, the coal being poor quality and seams non persistent. On the eastern side of Sliabh an Iarainn there is another abandoned level in the upper seam which is 0.3 m thick, the location possibly being above Aughacashel House.</p><br>
<h3>Ancient forest</h3><br>
<p>Long ago Ireland had been covered in Woodland, a claim echoed by a 19th century survey of Leitrim- “". These great forests in Leitrim and on the west side of Lough Allen were denuded for the making for Charcoal for Iron works around Sliabh an Iarainn. Immense piles of cleared timber existed at Drumshanbo in 1782.</p><br>
<h2>In mythology</h2><br>
<h3>Tuatha De Dannan</h3><br>
<p>The Book of Invasions describes the Tuatha Dé Danann, tribe of the goddess Danu" arriving in Mesolithic Ireland through the air before landing their floating-ships on the summit of Sliabh an Iarainn, "". The men included Nuada the king, Manannan the powerful, Neit the battle god, and Goibniu the Smith. The women included Badb the battle goddess, Eadon the poets nurse, Brigit a goddess, and Dagna the goddess mother. Messengers informed Eochaid son of Ere, and king of the Fir Bolg, that a new race of people had settled in Ireland. The Firbolgs sent forward their champion Sreng and the Tuatha De Danann getting sight of his approach sent their champion Bres. The two champions had a meeting at Magh Rein below Sliabh an Iarainn but no peace was concluded. The Tuatha Dé Danann defeated the Firbolg at Battle of Moytura. Three centuries later the De Danann retreated to the Celtic Otherworld on being displaced by the Milesians, mythological ancestors of the Irish race.</p><br>
<h3>Ancient aliens</h3><br>
<p>Some fringe historians suggest a passage in the Book of Invasions concerning the appearance of the Tuatha Dé Danann in Ireland, records "" at Sliabh an Iarainn.</p><br>
<h3>Gobán Saor</h3><br>
<p>Metal workers were held in high esteem, and the Irish Pantheon Gobán Saor is synonymous with the legendary Scandinavian named Vaeland Smith and Goibniu of the Tuatha De Dannan. According to oral tradition, Gobán Saor ("Goibhenen"), Tuatha De Danann metalsmith, worked the mines here.</p><br>
<h3>Hunger stone</h3><br>
<p>Long ago in the parish of Kiltubrid the term fear gorta (“hungry man”) was applied to a hunger which supposedly may inflict a person on the mountains, proving fatal if not quickly satisfied. This hunger immediately affected any person who walked on a legendary “” at the base of Sliabh an Iarainn.</p><br>
<h3>Fairies revenge</h3><br>
<p>Oral tradition in Cavan described how a local man, "Turlough the Yellow-haired", asked the mountain fairies to destroy the Swanlinbar Iron works and send the foreigners away, and "".</p><br>
<p>The Georgetown Historic District is a national historic district located at Georgetown, Floyd County, Indiana. The district encompasses 163 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Georgetown. It developed between about 1835 and the 1950s, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Classical Revival, Bungalow / American Craftsman, and Ranch style architecture. Notable buildings include the Georgetown Township Consolidated School , Georgetown Firehouse , Wolfe Hotel , Georgetown Bank , First United Brethren Church , Sherman Minton Birthplace , and George R. Fox Saloon .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Wildwood is a historic house at 808 Park Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is a somewhat rambling 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a variety of projecting sections, gables, and porches typical of the late Victorian Queen Anne period. Notable features include a round corner turret, steeply pitched roofs, and a variety of exterior sheathing. The interior is as ornate and elaborate as the exterior, with well-preserved woodwork from different types of hardwood in each downstairs room. The house was designed by Phillip Van Patten and built in 1884 for his brother-in-law, Dr. Harvey Prosper Ellsworth. The house is now a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Wildwood (Hot Springs, AR), 2 of 4.JPGDetail of the corner turret.</p><br>
<p>Wildwood (Hot Springs, AR), 4 of 4.JPGBrickwork and architectural detail.</p><br>
<p>Saint John the Baptist Church, commonly known as Lakeport Church, is a stone church located in rural Yankton County in the state of South Dakota in the Midwestern United States. It was built in 1884 and served a predominantly Czech Catholic parish until 1903. In 1980, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1859, brothers George and Parker V. Brown moved from Vermillion in the Dakota Territory to "a beautiful and sightly location ten miles from Yankton", which they dubbed "Lakeport", and where they built a log hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, a group of Czechs living in Chicago established the Czech Agricultural Society, with the purpose of promoting Czech settlement in the regions west of Iowa and Minnesota. A year later, the organizations first expedition arrived in the vicinity of Yankton. Finding most of the land there already occupied, they moved further west, where some of them settled near Lakeport. There, they built the Church of St. John the Baptist, the Dakota Territorys first Czech Catholic church.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, construction began on a new St. John the Baptist church, located closer to Lakeport. Since timber was scarce on the prairie, the church was built out of chalkrock, quarried from the banks of the Missouri River to the south. Construction took two years; the church was opened in 1884.</p><br>
<p>After 1903, the church no longer had an assigned priest, and its parishioners moved to churches in Tabor, Lesterville, or Yankton. The church was essentially abandoned and began to deteriorate, despite some maintenance by local residents. After many years, a grant was secured from the South Dakota Historical Society to assist in the restoration of the building. In 1984, a Mass was held for the church&#39;s centennial; annual Masses were celebrated thereafter.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the church was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, under the name "Old Catholic Church".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is built out of chalkrock blocks 2 - thick. It is a one-story building with a gable roof. There are tall narrow lancet windows on the sides of the building, half-story windows on the front and back, and ocular windows in the gable ends. In its nomination to the National Register, the building was described as "an excellent example of Gothic style, ethnically interpreted".</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church Of St Andrew in Blagdon, within the English county of Somerset, was built in the 15th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church has a 116 ft high tower with pinnacles and a cusped lozenge pattern parapet, with a stair turret spirelet in the north-east corner. The tower dates from the 15th century and is one of the tallest in Somerset. The tower contains a bell dating from 1716 and made by Edward Bilbie of the Bilbie family. The remainder of the church was rebuilt in 1907–09 by Lord Winterstoke (of the Wills tobacco family)</p><br>
<p>The interior includes a romanesque piscina set into the south wall of the chancel.</p><br>
<p>The lychgate to the east of the church is a Grade II listed building in its own right. Above the door are four primitive Norman carvings which survived three rebuildings.</p><br>
<p>Augustus Toplady was serving as curate of St Andrew&#39;s in the 1760s when he wrote the hymn Rock of Ages. It is believed that he was inspired to write the lyrics while sheltering under a rock in nearby Burrington Combe.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 fundraising was undertaken to provide toilets and a new kitchen in the church. Improvements were also made to the damp proofing and insulation.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Blagdon with Charterhouse, Compton Martin and Ubley within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Swithin on The Paragon in the Walcot area of Bath, England, was built between 1777 and 1790. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church stands on the site of a previous place of worship dating back to the 10th century, the remains of which are beneath the crypt. The dedication is to Swithun, an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester and subsequently patron saint of Winchester Cathedral. Jane Austens parents were married at St Swithins on 26 April 1764 and her father George Austen is buried there.</p><br>
<p>The current building was erected by John Palmer between 1777 and 1790. His new church opened in 1777 but was soon too small for its growing congregation, as the city became increasingly popular and expanded well beyond its traditional boundaries.</p><br>
<p>On 30 May 1797 the abolitionist William Wilberforce and Barbara Spooner Wilberforce were married in the church. In 1805 it was the burial place of the writer and poet Christopher Anstey and, in 1831, of Rear Admiral Sir Edward Berry. The church house, number 38, The Paragon, was built in the early 18th century. A depiction of the Ascension of Jesus in stained glass was added to the east wall in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Mary in Charlcombe within the English county of Somerset was built in the 12th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church dates from the 12th century. It underwent Victorian restoration between 1857 and 1861. The work was probably carried out by James Wilson from plans drawn up by George Gilbert Scott.</p><br>
<p>There is believed to be a holy well in the grounds. Charlcombe was formerly the mother church of Bath. In acknowledgment of this Bath Abbey sent a pound of pepper on an annual basis. In 1734 Henry Fielding got married in the church.</p><br>
<p>Above the nave is a small bell turret. Inside the church is a font which is as old as the church itself.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Charlcombe with St Stephen&#39;s Church, Bath within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Mary in Compton Dando within the English county of Somerset dates from the 14th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The Gothic style church was originally built in the 14th century, but has been revised several times. It has a west three stage square tower supported by diagonal buttresses.</p><br>
<p>There is a date of 1735 in the chancel, which is probably from one of the revisions, however most of the current fabric is from a Victorian restoration.</p><br>
<p>Inside the church is a piscina. The font and pulpit are from 1833.</p><br>
<p>The churchyard contains a sundial.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Publow with Pensford, Compton Dando and Chelwood within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Peter in Rode, within the English county of Somerset, dates from 1824. It is a redundant church and a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church was built by Henry Goodridge for Charles Daubeny, the Archdeacon of Sarum. At that time Rode Hill was in Wiltshire while the adjacent village of Rode was in Somerset, and Daubeny wished to deter parishioners from attending Rode&#39;s church, St Lawrence, which was over the border and within the Diocese of Bath and Wells. Therefore he raised subscriptions for the building of the new church at Rode Hill.</p><br>
<p>The design with a tall nave and chancel was inspired by King&#39;s College Chapel, Cambridge. The church was a chapelry of North Bradley until 1933, when it was reassigned to the parish of Rode.</p><br>
<p>A bell cast for the church by Rudhall of Gloucester in 1823 did not have enough room to swing and was used for static chiming. When the church was declared redundant in 1995 and sold into private hands, the bell was obtained by the Keltek Trust and is now in a church in Menangle, New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s the fabric of the church was in need of repair and in 1993 a corbel fell into the church. Following this, insurance cover was withdrawn and insufficient funds could be found for the repair. After the church was made redundant, repairs were needed to the south steeple and roof which were supported by a grant from English Heritage.</p><br>
<p>The church now serves as a house and shop for Andrew Hooker Violins. It is also used for music concerts.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Andrew in West Bradley, within the English county of Somerset, dates from the 14th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The first chapel on the site appears in records dating from 1168. until 1875 it was a subsidiary chapel to the Church of All Saints at East Pennard. The dedication to St Andrew was only added in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It consists of a two bay nave, south porch and chancel, which has an organ loft. The two stage square west tower has a small stair turret on the northern side. The tower holds bells, the oldest of which dates from 1706, and has a clock which was added in 1739. The chancel and some other parts of the church underwent extensive restoration in the 19th century, Inside the church are a Norman font and a piscina. with further work, including the underpinning of the chancel arch in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Baltonsborough with Butleigh, West Bradley and West Pennard within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Hugh in Charterhouse, within the English county of Somerset, dates from 1908. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church is dedicated to Hugh of Lincoln. It was built in 1908 by W. D. Caroe, on the initiative of the Rev. Menzies Lambrick, from the former welfare hall for the local lead miners.</p><br>
<p>The roof-truss, screen, rood, and altar are all made of carved whitened oak, with fittings in the Arts and Crafts style. The walls are rough brick and it has a tiled roof. It includes stained glass by Horace Wilkinson showing the nativity scene.</p><br>
<p>A cross in the churchyard and the churchyard wall are also listed buildings.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the benefice of Blagdon with Compton Martin and Ubley within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St James in Milton Clevedon, within the English county of Somerset, was rebuilt in 1790. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The first church in the village was in the 12th century. The advowson was held by Bruton Abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. After this, in 1545 the church was dedicated to St James. The rebuilding in 1790 used stone from the abbey and incorporated some fabric from the medieval church. Victorian restoration occurred in the 1860s. The three stage tower is supported by diagonal buttresses and contains five bells, the oldest of which was cast in Bristol around 1380.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Evercreech with Chesterblade and Milton Clevedon within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
